Science Trivias Essay Example for Free

Science Trivias Essay There are 62,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body – laid end to end they would circle the earth 2.5 times A thimbleful of a neutron star would weigh over 100 million tons A typical hurricane produces the energy equivalent of 8,000 one megaton bombs Blood sucking hookworms inhabit 700 million people worldwide The interstellar gas cloud Sagittarius B contains a billion, billion, billion liters of alcohol Polar Bears can run at 25 miles an hour and jump over 6 feet in the air And they are nearly undetectable by infrared cameras, due to their transparent fur The selfish giant The giant had a beautiful garden. It had lovely green grass, peach trees and rich fruits. Birds sang there and children played. The giant was away staying at his friends place. When he came back he scared the children away from the garden. Now the children had no place to play and were sad. That year spring came all over the country but not in the giant’s garden. It remained covered with snow frost and hail. No flowers bloomed neither did the birds sing. One morning he found flowers in the garden, the birds singing and found children on the branches of the trees. But there was still winter in one corner of the garden. There was a little boy in that corner who could not climb the trees. The giant came out and helped him to climb the tree. He also played with the children. The little child kissed the giant. This melted the giant’s heart. The children played everyday in the garden after school. One afternoon the little child was missing. The giant looked for him daily but couldn’t find him. Years passed. The giant grew old and weak. One winter morning that very child was again seen in the garden. The giant ran to him and found that the child had prints of nails on his palms and feet. The child said that they were the wounds of love. He said he wanted to take him to his garden, which is the Paradise. That afternoon the children found the giant lying dead and covered with flowers in the garden. film review: the sound of music: This classic musical continues to have wide appeal despite, or perhaps even because of, its cringe factor. Like that other widely-popular sing-a-long extravaganza, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, The Sound Of Music draws loyal and enthusiastic audiences as well as newcomers who wonder what all the fuss is about. The mostly-happy Cinderella tale of nun-turned-governess-turned-wife, however, aims straight for the family market. Maria (a smiley Julie Andrews) does her best as governess to the seven wealthy but unruly von Trapp children. It wont spoil the movie to reveal that she wins over not only the children, but their stern naval-officer father (Christopher Plummer in fine form) with her musical talents and upbeat view on life. For those of us who grew up watching it every year on TV at Christmas, the nostalgia it evokes contributes to a strange bond with people from around the world, so that someone from Canada might find themselves laughing, and yes, even cringing, with a South African who knows all the songs from the film. There is more than nostalgia and family values, however, to this movie. The true story of the von Trapps takes place during the Nazi occupation of Austria, following which the family is forced to make a daring escape through the Alps. Mostly, however, this is a tale about looking on the sunny side of life, accompanied by such classic songs as My Favourite Things and Do-Re-Mi. Anyone who appreciates the power of music cant deny the strange uplifting charm of this admittedly sappy movie.

Graphic Organizers in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Graphic Organizers in the Classroom Essay A graphic organizer is a visual tool the helps students grasp the relationship between facts, terms and other ideas within a specific learning task (Hall Strangman, 2002). Graphic organizers are called by a variety of different names including knowledge maps, concept maps, story maps, cognitive organizers, advance organizers and concept diagrams (Hall Strangman, 2002). However, graphic organizers have a valuable place within classrooms because they have the potential to improve learning outcomes for all students (Hall Strangman, 2002). Graphic organizers are so useful for both students and teachers because they can take many forms and be used in a variety of different ways to meet the needs of each individual student. Graphic organizers can be used in a variety of different educational situations and can be modified to meet the learning objectives of specific lessons (Bellanca, 2007). Teachers can use a graphic organizer to make sense of classroom discussions among students. Students can use graphic organizers to gather information from a single lesson in order to find meaning. Students can also rely on graphic organizers to keep track of an ongoing lesson or theme that lasts throughout the entire school year (Bellanca, 2007). An analysis of graphic organizers is offered as they relate to overall learning achievement in the classroom. Graphic organizers have the potential to improve the learning outcomes of all students because they blend the linguistic mode of learning with the non linguistic mode of learning so that words and phrases work with symbols to form meaningful relationships (Marzano, Pickering Pollock, 2001). The use of graphic organizers is intended to meet six different learning objectives that regularly appear in classroom curriculum: descriptive patterns, time-sequence patterns, process/cause effect patterns, episode patterns, generalization/principle patterns and concept patterns (Marzano, et al, 2001). Descriptive patterns are used to represent facts about people, places, things and events (Marzano, et al, 2001). For example, if students were learning about the Underground Railroad, they could create a graphic organizer centered on the Underground Railroad by branching different facts about this historical event off, including important people, places, things and events associated with the Underground Railroad. Similarly, time-sequence patterns are used to form representations of the chronological sequence of events (Marzano, et al, 2001). This type of graphic organizer could take the form of a student created time line. The remaining four types of graphic organizers deal with more complex processes but are equally as useful for teachers and students. Process/cause effect patterns organize information in such a way that allows it to lead to a specific outcome (Marzano, et al, 2001). Using the Underground Railroad example, this graphic organizer could list all of the different events that led to the creation of the Underground Railroad. Episode patterns are similar in that they organize information about specific events including setting, people, duration, sequence of events and cause and effect (Marzano, et al, 2001). This type of graphic organizer allows students to form a clear and cohesive picture of what they are studying so that all of the necessary information is included in one place. Generalization/Principle patterns allow students to focus on one topic so they are able to collect a variety of different examples that support that topic (Marzano, et al, 2001). This type of graphic organizer is particularly useful in math because it allows students to show a multitude of examples that prove specific math concepts. Finally, concept patterns organize information around a word or phrase that represent people, places, things or events as entire categories (Marzano, et al, 2001). This type of organizer allows students to show many examples about one particular subject. The types of graphic organizers described above are highly useful in the classroom because students in modern society are very visual human beings (Sousa, 2007). Modern students are surrounded by visual technology including computers, television, video games, cellular telephones, movies and DVD players (Sousa, 2007). Graphic organizers build on the reliance that students have on visual technology by capturing their attention in order to provide them with authentic opportunities to improve their understanding, meaning and retention of specific subjects (Sousa, 2007). Teachers who incorporate the use of graphic organizers into the classroom are able to reach all students because they appeal to the highly visual children that make up society today. Further, the use of visual techniques such as graphic organizers have the potential to increase learning outcomes while also ensuring future recall. The national No Child Left Behind Act has increased educational focus onto assessment (Struble, 2007). Graphic organizers have a very valuable place in classrooms both as ongoing and formative assessment measures (Struble, 2007). Graphic organizers are powerful tools for analyzing and assessing the ongoing understanding and performance of students throughout the school year and across a wide range of subject material (Struble, 2007). The use of graphic organizers as part of an ongoing assessment measure allows teachers to modify instruction as necessary while also ensuring that all students are learning what they need to know (Struble, 2007). Further, the use of graphic organizers has been shown to increase overall meaning but also to increase future retention (Nesbit Adescope, 2006). Over the past several years, fifty-five studies have been conducted associated with the use of graphic organizers by 5818 student participants. Results from these studies using post tests measuring recall and transfer after the use of graphic organizers prove that they increase knowledge retention (Nesbit Adescope, 2006). Ultimately, graphic organizers have the potential to capture the interest of students so they are able to form a meaningful relationship between linguistic and non linguistic skills in order to increase the potential for future recall of curriculum material. Bellanca, James A. (2007). A guide to graphic organizers: helping students organize and process content for deeper learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Hall, Tracey Strangman, Nicole. (2002). Graphic organizers. Wakefield, MA: National Center on Accessing the General Curriculum. Retrieved on April 16, 2009 from http://www. cast. org/publications/ncac/ncac_go. html. Marzano, Robert J. ; Pickering, Debra J. Pollock, Jane E. (2001). Classroom instruction that works: research based strategies for increasing student achievement. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision Curriculum Development. Nesbit, John C. Adescope, Olusola O. (2006). Learning with concept and knowledge maps: a meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 76 (3): 413 – 448. Sousa, David A. (2007). How the brain learns mathematics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Struble, Janet. (2007). Using graphic organizers as a formative assessment. Science Scope, January 1.

The Impacts Of Terrorism On Uk Tourism Tourism Essay

The Impacts Of Terrorism On Uk Tourism Tourism Essay Chapter 4: 4.1 Introduction: Terrorism is the biggest threat to UK economy and also documented to have biggest threat on tourism industry demand. This chapter focuses on the short term impacts on UK tourism and related industries demand after September 11 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and July 7 2005 terrorist attacks on London. The studies show that, these attacks caused big shock to tourists attitudes to travel toward UK destinations and also change the image profile of tourist destinations in UK, especially London. Moreover, this chapter will also find that some UK destinations (like London) experienced strong negative impacts on the attractiveness and image for short term than others. 4.2 Targeting the Tourists: Tourism industry represents a significant contribution to UK economy. The past decade terrorist attacks caused significantly decline in foreign exchange receipts, it also increase government costs and gain political advantages over UK government officials (Hall and O Sullivan 1996). These terrorist attacks have changed the tourists perception to travel UK and they preferred to go safer destinations to enjoy their holidays. According to Keenan Steve (2003), UK tourists receipts dropped by 12.9 % as the result of September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks (Table 1). The Maley J. (2006) report, after London bombing tourists frightened away from Capitals major tourist attractions. The National Gallery had 15.2%, Tate Modern, London Eye had 12% and London tower 9.7% fewer tourists than last year. As Hall and O Sullivan (1996) said, the tourism is a symbol of capitalism for an economy. Attacking the tourism industry means, attacking the government policies and in this way terrorists strengthenin g themselves against government by making the government look weak. Table 1: International Tourists Arrivals in UK after September 11 2001 MONTH / QUARTER UNITED KINGDOM % COUNT CHANGE JANUARY 255,140 5.2 FEBRUARY 307,587 -5.8 MARCH 370,319 0.4 1ST QUARTER 933,046 -0.5 APRIL 418,837 -11.9 MAY 359,168 -5.9 JUNE 354,505 -6.4 2ND QUARTER 1,132,510 -8.4 JULY 410,208 -4.1 AUGUST 415,076 0.6 SEPTEMBER 317,035 -31.1 3RD QUARTER 1,142,319 -12.1 OCTOBER 330,791 -26.3 NOVEMBER 275,931 -31.5 DECEMBER 282,661 -25.1 4TH QUARTER 889,383 -27.6 Year-To-Date Average 4,097,258 -12.9 Source: http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/view/m-2001-I-001/table_5.html Different scholars have defined and explain terrorists objectives in different ways and most scholars have agreed that terrorists gain their objectives by targeting people. Richter and Waugh (1986) said that, terrorists goals can be classified as revolutionary, sub-revolutionary or anti-government. For closer examination several other objectives emerge. Firstly, targeting tourists help terrorists groups to achieve their strategic aim and objectives by creating fear in people, destabilizing the economy and gaining the media attention. Targeting local and international tourists provide platform to terrorists with the advantage by gaining free international publicity and disrupting local tourism industry. Richter and Waugh also said that the terrorists can travel with other travellers and carry out big foreign currencies financial transactions without arousing suspicion. Over the past decade, the international tourism has become very popular. Terrorists have recognised the importance of tourism industry in economies. As a result, they had demonstrated by number of attacks on tourists. When international tourists involved in terrorist attacks, media coverage is guarantee and media keep these incidents alive for weeks and months. According to Weimann and Winn (1994), media coverage make terrorists hero and amplify their massages to enhance their moral legitimacy. By targeting tourists, terrorist groups main objectives are to secure the media attention. It is a modern tact for terrorists to keep themselves alive in local and international media news for weeks. When international tourists killed or kidnapped, the whole situation in instantaneously dramatized by local and international media, which can cause political conflict between establishment and terrorists. Terrorists achieve their objectives, when media increase its rating or circulation. The Second major objective of terrorists is to achieve their ideological objectives by targeting tourists, which can cause clashing cultures, values and socioeconomic levels. Terrorists target tourists for their symbolic values. The July 7 2005 London bombing was the prime example of terrorist attack on world famous tourist destination and cultural city. The bombing on public transport killed over 50 passengers including some foreigners. In this incident, terrorists targeted public transport to create uncertainty and cultural differences between different communities in UK. The major impact was on UK government foreign relation with foreigner tourists countries and accused (terrorists) countries. The foreigner tourists countries are demanding justices for their innocent civilian killing and UK government is demanding from accused countries to take strict measures to control terrorism. The conflict between different communities and countries resulting from clashing values and cultures was aptly demonstrated in past few years after terrorist attacks. The tourism literature demonstrates that, tourism can be medium of communication as well as the massage initiated by terrorists. Terrorists violence against tourism industry fuelling political, socioeconomic, religious and cost effective instrument used to deliver broader massage as opposition. In either case, the terrorists aim to target tourist is not coincidental and for terrorists, tourism industry is high profile, symbolism and free publicity which not to be left unexploited. 4.3 Levels of analysis: The economic impact of terrorism on UK tourism can be calculated from number of ways. There are direct costs to the industry and indirect costs to responding these events. The cost can be calculated in number of ways, for example, how much money would be lost in any productive work if we stand up in a line for an extra hour every time, we flew or travel for security checks etc. In past the economist experts have tried to calculate the economic impacts of terrorism on UK tourism for Years. They agreed that, the terrorist attacks have both short and long term impact on the tourism industry. The short term impacts are psychological factors (for example fear of flying, uncertainty), and long term impacts are decline economic performance, spending on war on terrorism (both cause unemployment and loss of earning) and long time to recover the tourism industry long term down cycle. 4.4 Effects of terrorism on UK tourism: There are number of studies that show economic impacts of terrorism on the tourism industry. The studies of IMF 2001, Hobjin 2002 and Navarro and Spencer 2001 concluded that the direct cost on tourism demand (output) seems relatively small and short term. Terrorist attacks do reduce the economic growth, although the estimated impacts are smaller than the cost of internal conflict. When September 11, 2001 and July 7, 2005 terrorist events happened, it effected UK tourism industry both directly and indirectly and disrupted the whole UK economic process. To make the impacts of their activities stronger, terrorist groups targeted airline industry, local transport system, tourism destinations, public areas and other businesses. But, travel and tourism industries were the prime and attractive target for terrorist groups in past decade. Because, these industries presence is everywhere and their aftermaths are deeper on society and on the economics. 4.5 Direct Effect of Terrorism on UK Tourism and Related Industries: The tourism industry generates huge economic benefits for the UK economy. The main economic benefits of tourism are foreign exchange earning reserve, employment, tax revenue and business development opportunities etc. According to the world tourism organization report, tourism is one of the top five export categories and source of foreign exchange earnings for many countries. For UK economy tourism is one of the biggest sources of foreign exchange earning. This foreign exchange can be used to import goods needed for other economic sectors. Tax revenue receipts by HMRC from tourism industry can be divided into direct and indirect receipts. Direct receipts are the taxes on income earned by workers and businesses. The indirect tax receipts are the duties levied (VAT) on goods and services purchased by tourists in UK. In past few years, UK tourism industry has been through a very difficult period. It failed to keep up with global arrivals growth, after September 11 2001 terrorist attacks, outbreak of foot and mouth disease in 2002 and July 7 2005 London bombing. The September 11 2001 terrorist attacks have biggest impact on UK international tourists arrival and airline industry (Graph 1). UK tourism industry is heavily dependent on air transport for tourists arrival. After September 11 2001 terrorist attacks people were hesitate to travel on aeroplanes, because the terrorist threatened to hijack the plans. These threats shocked the UK tourism industry. After 2001 terrorist attacks and 2002 foot and mouth disease shock wave, UK tourism industry started recovering its position. In 2004 UK tourism industry reached its peak and 27.7 million tourists arrived in UK during this year. They spend over  £13 billion in UK economy directly and indirectly. Further growth in tourism industry was forecasted fo r coming year, and in first six months of 2005 UK tourism industry boomed and hit the forecast target but July 7, 2005 bombing thwarted the tourism industry again. According to LCCL (2005) report, in first three weeks of July 7 terrorist attacks, UK tourism industry lost in excess of  £300 million. Graph 1: Impact on International Arrivals in UK Source: British Tourism Framework Review 4.5A Impact on Airline industry: Direct effects of terrorism have instantaneous effects on the tourism and related industries. Airline industry is one of those industries. Many travellers were fearful of travelling after September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, because terrorist threats to target airlines. These threats caused huge decline in air travel passengers, as a result number of European and US airlines cut back number of flights and some airlines carriers went completely out of business (Swiss Air, metro jet) for couple of days (Lennon and Leary 2007). Before September 11 2001 the airline industry was already under pressure of surplus capacity. According to Francis and Humphreys (2001), at the end of October 2001, BAA Plc (Owner of Londons main airports) reported that World trade centre attacks have broad impacts on UK air traffic. The worst effected route was Trans Atlantic traffic route. It was reported that almost one million passengers declined in October 2001 at Heathrow airport, of which more than half m illion were Trans Atlantic routes passengers. Because, the Heathrow airport is the world most important long haul international travel destination. While the short or local haul traffic demand was down by 11 percent compare to previous year. July 7, 2005 terrorist attacks were direct attacks on London Local bus and train networks. As a result the London underground train services were suspended for couple of days and transport companies lost millions of pounds. This loss was the direct damages and declined in the number of passengers travel toward London due to security reasons and fear of more terrorist attacks. The airline industry also had severe impacts of London bombing, because for the short time period many tourists and travellers cancelled their flights and holidays. 4.5B Increase in Security Cost to tourism related industries: The latest terrorist attacks on London caused new and tightened security measures at hotels, entertainment centres, bus and train stations, airports, sports stadiums and tourists destinations. Some of these security measures are deployment of more security personnel on airports, historical places and city centres, installation of better screening system on airports and other public areas to scan and examine travellers and their baggage, more random checks of passengers, installation of surveillance cameras to monitor suspicious people activities. All these security measures have caused big increase in cost to government departments and businesses; as a result they increase their products and services prices and all burdens goes to end user of the products and services, which may be tourists. 4.5C Impact on tourism related Jobs: Terrorism crises cost many jobs in UK and rest of the world. According to Travel trade Gazette (2002) report, The World Travel and Tourism Council estimated that over 10 million travel jobs were lost worldwide after to September 11 2001 terrorist attacks. In United Kingdom, just in October 2001 tourism revenue declined by 25 percent, as compare to the last year, as a result thousands jobs were lost in London (Travel trade Gazette 2002). According to Riley O. (2002), in just three months after September 11 incident, it was announced, that UK tourism industry total loss were over  £600 million in revenue. In first two months, over three thousand hotels and other related businesses workers lost their jobs in UK. July 7, 2005 was the direct attacks on London, as a result London tourism declined and thousands of people engaged in tourism and tourism related industries lost their jobs. In past couple of years UK tourism industry was generating over 10 billion pounds a year and provides e mployment more than half a million people in the London city of more than 7 million people, which represent 10 percent of population. 4.5D Impact on Hotel Industry: The UK tourism and hotel industries are growing side by side and UK hotel industry is highly depending on tourists. The hotel industry performance in Europe suffered badly after September 11 2001 terrorist attacks. The UK hotel industry was booming before September 11 2001 terrorist attacks, because hotels in London which relay on tourism industry and high end US business were most exposed. According to Travel Research International Ltd (2001) report, just in September 2001 over 25 percent London hotel industry revenue declined. Based on preliminary information available, the hotel occupancy rates for the rest of the year are forecast to be 65 to 75 percent, compared with 81 percent in 2000 (Graph 2). After September 11 2001 international hotel chain Hilton Group has reduced it capital expenditure budget from  £150 million to  £75 million in response to decline in entire hotels chain revenues. In first two months there was a 10.7 percent fall in Hilton hotels chain revenues. Many hotels in all UK cities suffered from lack of American business, five star hotels in London down by 32 percent and four stars hotel by 15 percent. The UK hotel industry had suffered badly after July 7 2005 terrorist attacks on London. Data from PKF Accountants and business advisers (2005) shows that, the London hotel occupancy down by 4.9% on the same month last year. Outside London regional hotel showed .7% fall in occupancy. According to Monaghan G. (2005), UK hotel and travel industry stocks including TUI, AG and Hilton Group Plc slumped by July 7 2005 London bombing, which hurt the citys tourism industry. The FTSE 350 shows that hotels and leisure index dropped by 5.8 percent; it was the biggest decline in Leisure and hotels index since September 11 2001 terrorist attacks. UK tourism industry had been recovering from three year slump in industry followed by September 2001 attacks and UK tour operators was receiving a boost from London win a bid to host the Olympics in 2012. Expert said due to tourism boom about 75 percent London hotel rooms were occupied between 2004 to June 2005. Soon after July 7 0005 terrorist attacks on London hotels occupancy declined down to 65 percent, as a result of decline in tourists (Graph 2). The share prices of Hilton group and Inter Continental Hotel Group Plc slumped to 7.2 and 6.4 percent respectively. Graph 2: Hotel Occupancy in UK after September 11 July 7 Attacks Source: PKF, Deloitte and TRI Consulting Press releases 4.5E Impact on Sports Tourism: During the week of terrorist attacks on London, all major sporting events in the London and other cities were cancelled and postponed for the future dates, because of security concerns. These included football matches, local cricket league matches etc. Thousands sport fans travel from abroad to attend sport events had cancelled their trips. The local sport fans from other UK cities had also cancelled their trips toward London to attend sports events. Each attendee spends an average of  £100 to  £150 for admission, food, accommodation, parking and miscellaneous items. After July 7 2005 terrorist attacks many sport tourists had cancelled their trips to attend events or changes their mind to travel to London. Many months later after attacks sport tourists were still hesitating to travel London attend sports events for safety and security reasons. 4.5F Impact on Travel toward the UK Destinations: September 11 terrorist attacks not only impact on US travel and tourism, UK was also curtailed. Many countries issued warning to travellers to avoid countries such as US and UK, because of more threats of terrorist attacks. As a result, Great Britain saw over 25% declines in tourism revenue in September and October 2001 as compared to the previous year. July 7 2005 London bombing also adds fuel to the fire. Several thousands tourists were cancelled their vacation plans and business trips to the UK and other Europeans countries. Many UK tourists also cancelled or postponed their holidays within the UK and many hesitate to travel toward London. As a result, hospitality industry in UK had lost millions of pounds in revenue. 4.5G Impact on Tourists Safety, Attitudes and Beliefs: Tourists always prefer their safety before they travel. Terrorist attacks on London city 2005 and New York 2001 had very strong affects on the UK tourism industry, because it was a big challenge to the tourists security beliefs. When tourists travel, they do not want to expose any hazards. The safety is the main concern for them. The terrorist attacks are the biggest threat to travellers and tourists personal safety, which reduce the travellers propensity to travel. The September 11 2001 attacks clearly demonstrate the tourism industry and Sonmez S. (1998) said that tourists substitute risky destinations with safer choices, demonstrate a delayed reaction to terrorism and exhibit cultural differences in their reactions to risk or threat. As a result many tourists had switched their holidays toward safer destinations in other countries. 4.5H Impact on Tourism and Travel Services Suppliers: The travel services suppliers are operating in very comparative market and at very thin margins are vulnerable to any decline in demand. Tour operators and travel agents in UK were already under growing pressure from direct sell methods between customers and service suppliers. The impact of September 11 2001 terrorist attacks had weakened the airline and related industries and July 7 2005 terrorist attacks on London had made matters worse. The difference is that, these suppliers have less rigidity than the airline and related industries; hence contractions in size and closures are likely to be permanent. The tour operators and travel agents in UK have been hit particularly hard by terrorist attacks. According to the Association of British Travel Agents report, after September 11 2001 terrorist attacks, the number of agents closing has increased, compared to the same period last year, because decline in air travel tourists demand. The UK tourism mainly depends on air travel and for survival many travel agents were cutting costs by shedding staff. Just Thomas Cook had announced 1500 job cut, which was representing 12% of its workforce. Many months after the terrorist attacks UK tour operators reported that, booking are not improving, tourists and holiday makers are hesitate to travel toward UK. Although holidays packages were being discounted and booking were offered at short notice. The UK tour operators were reported to reduce there capacity by 20 % for coming summer, although Association of British Travel Agents forecasted that booking will fall by only 5% in next summer. 4.5I Impact on Tourists Spending Pattern: The Tourism industry Emergency Response group reported, that the spending by overseas tourist in UK is likely to decline by 300 million as a result of July 7 2005 bombing. The decline in tourism spending generates negative impact on UK total spending and employment pattern. The direct impacts of July 7 2005 terrorist attacks were many tourists cancel or postponed their trips to UK because of their safety. The effects of cancellation and decisions not to travel cost UK tourism industry huge losses, which contributes 4 percent to UK GDP that represent $2.1 trillion. Just London accounts 50 percent of total UK tourism industry of foreign tourist revenue alone and provide gateway for tourist travelling to other UK cities. 4.6 Indirect Effect: 4.6A Change in tourists demand heterogeneously: While the indirect effects of terrorism on UK tourism industry include prominent decrease in tourism demand after terrorist attacks and many months after these terrorist attacks foreign tourists were still hesitating to travel toward UK destinations. Many tourists permanently switched to other world famous tourists destinations. The decline of tourists demand also compels UK authorities towards the new policies and their immediate implementation, with the aim to minimise long term impact on tourism demand. According to Loewenstein et al (2001) the indirect effect contains fall in tourists demand, which may interrupt or disconnect the industry demand. It is evident that UK tourism industry operates according to the demand of overseas and local tourists. The above discussed terrorist attacks are infecting a widespread of common fear of individuals which in results decline in tourism demand. 4.6B Change in Tourists Behaviour: According to Sunstein (2003) the asperity of those adverse cases detect to which level these events are painful and emotionally attach towards the memory of individuals. Janis and Feshbach (1953), fear is a specific mental state, it appear with the surety of non availability of security or when there are predictions of more incidents in future. More over it is obvious the tourists get some kind of impact from continuous state of fear from terrorism. Czinkota M. R. (2005) said that economic research also has roots in correlation among behaviour and emotion. The negative emotions like state of fear definitely affect tourists travelling behaviour. Leventhal (1970) narrates that excessive fear of terrorism is look out of control for tourism market. Sunstein (2003) said, the terrifying effects of terrorism, tourists over estimate its occurrence in certain ways. The behaviour of over re-acting about terrorist attacks fear traces people to make demand of extra improvement in remedies from a uthorities and government. This kind of tourists behaviour also had strong impacts on tourism industry. 4.6C Long Term unplanned expenses: The terrorism caused major decline in all UK economic sectors, which results the huge reduction in long term profits in all type of industries. Tourism sector is one those economic sectors which had direct and indirect impacts. The decline in tourists demand after terrorist attacks to travel toward UK destinations caused big reduction in long term profit of tourism and related industries. To bring back tourists and to recover its position, UK tour operators were offering special offers to tourists, like reduction in holiday packages, travelling packages, hotel packages etc. All these price cuts results tourism industry has to face un-planned expenses and reduction in revenue, which was the indirect impact on tourism sector. 4.6D Impact on Tourist Destinations Image: The UK tourism industry is very popular in overseas tourists, because there are number of places of interest throughout the Great Britain including museums, castles, stately homes, royal palaces, theme parks, Zoos, art galleries, gardens and many more historic places. The image importance of UK tourism industry can be viewed as it is sixth largest destination in the world (over 190 countries). This reputation and image took years to build but past decade terrorist attacks pointed many fingers toward it stability. The UK tourism had suffered largely due to derogatory history of terrorism in London and other main cities in past. The July 7 2005 terrorist attacks added fuel to the fire. For short time many overseas tourists cancelled their holidays due to more terrorist attacks fear, which had direct and indirect impact on image brand on UK tourism industry. After these terrorist attacks UK tourism industry image brand took months to recover in tourists mind. 4.6E Impacts of Government Regulations on Tourism: Czinkota et al (2004) said that there may be need of making of policies, laws, and regulations for public in reaction of these terrorist attacks. While determine to improve security conditions, these regulations cause delays in efficient tourism industry operations. According to Sustain (2003) these government regulations sometimes does not help really in growth of economy and tourism industry, also effect negatively. These new polices of checking tourists and their languages imposed on airports, sea ports and train stations cause more trouble to tourists, increase security cost, time wastage and also decrease the efficiency. 4.6F Impact of Foreign Polices on Tourism: The way foreign relations alter because terrorism is not predictable and it is mixed blessing in so far foreign policy concerned. Terrorism unites the nations as well as separates them. The nations unite on common agenda of tackling terrorism and break with forever due to it. The foreign relations of different countries are based on co-operation and mutual interest of governments. Terrorism causes misunderstanding and disruption between countries. Once confidence or relationship between countries is broken, it never revives or takes very long time to build the same and strong relation again. Both countries government could be right and wrong at the same time. The country accused of the terrorism sometimes may not be in a position to control the terrorism and on the other side target country cannot believe that accused country is taking strong action against terrorists or sometimes believe that accused country is sponsoring the terrorist to achieve their interest against target countr y. Terrorism has become major issue in the UK foreign relations, especially after July 7 2005 terrorist attacks. It also has changed the style and direction of UK foreign polices. Now it is the first and most important thing to consider before entering into any agreement of mutual benefits. UK government has introduced new and striker polices for many countries visitors and travellers due to week foreign relation of those countries. These polices have discouraged many tourists to travel toward UK because of strict visa rules, security checks and questions at airports etc. 4.7 Summary: Terrorism affects tourism activities deeply, this threat compel almost both local and international tourists, which cause decline in the revenue and profit of tourism and related industries. On the other side, the whole UK economy has to bear the cost of every single act of terrorism. It is the responsibility of UK government to develop and make polices to tackle the terrorist threats. The government is also liable for making such kind of policies and regulations that give some relaxation to overseas tourists to enjoy their travel and holidays in UK. This may help UK tourism industry to reduce its losses.

The High Price of Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The High Price of Education Once again, students at State University will pay more in tuition during the 2005-2006 academic year, by a 4.5 percent increase. The State Board of Regents was presented with a proposed 5.2 percent increase at its September 23-24 meeting in Capital City, but decided this month that a 4.5 percent increase in tuition was more reasonable. Even with the additional services that could be made available by the tuition hike, the students should not have to pay this increase. According to the memorandum, the tuition proceeds at State University will go toward student financial aid, inflation, library acquisitions and services, learning communities, the four-year graduation plan, study-abroad programs, graduate assistantships and computing and information technology. The extra funds acquired from the raise in tuition are meant to improve the quality of education, however, the proposed increase impedes State University's commitment of affordability and access for its students. As a tuition-paying freshman at State University, this raise will directly effect my already currently suffering bank account and me. I applaud the board for its efforts to improve the quality of higher education for students, and for seeking to help State University in its goal to become the best institution in the nation. Although I don't approve of a 4.5 percent tuition hike for students to increase the funding of various programs at the university, or as a means to help achieve State University's goal. Each time the tuition goes up, it makes it harder for aspiring college-bound students to come to school here. What kind of impact will a higher tuition have on students? If the cost of living plus tuition pushes students to w... ...this increase are not tuition-paying students, but administrators overseeing the institutions from a distance. This raise may have no effect on their bank account, or may even provide the funds for their salary increases. If we as students don't agree with these allocations, we need to speak out and let our views be known. Our opinions will be considered, but only if we take them to someone other than our roommates, such as the Board members themselves. A few years ago, the Regents actually changed the tuition rate during the process due to student feedback, so we shouldn't assume the decision is out of our hands. It may seem as though our bills each September and January are much lower in comparison to other universities, however, we can't just sit back and accept tuition increases that come our way. After all, it is our money and financial future that is at stake.

Character of Stanley Kowalski in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Essay

The Character of Stanley in A Streetcar Named Desire   Ã‚  Ã‚   Animals are, by nature, passionately instinctive; that is, when reacting to a situation, they do so forcefully and spontaneously. Therefore, we can think of passionate instinct as an intense, innate reaction to a particular situation. Animals also lack what we call ‘inhibition’ -- the suppression of a natural drive, instinct or feeling. For instance, when a skunk senses danger, it will not restrain its natural, defensive reaction and will not hesitate to spray a foul-smelling substance in the direction of the danger for self-protection. When cattle sense a threat to their environment, they do not try to rationalize their way to safety -- they stampede. If a bull’s passions are aroused, it will either charge or mate with the nearest cow.    Passionate instinct drives us, as well. Although we often try to reason our way through situations as civilized, rational beings should, there is sometimes a point where we can no longer be controlled by reason. This point often comes when we feel some strong emotion, and our rational halves become shadowed by our darker, instinctive sides. We often conceal this darker half because the instinct, which is so much a part of it, may lead to violence when released. It appears that the very idea of being ruled by instinct has become distasteful; people who use their instincts to get through a situation are often labeled as being ‘unpredictable’, ‘maverick’, and ‘dangerous’. Although we consider ourselves to be civilized, we were once a race ruled by instinct -- and still are, to some extent.    A man’s instinct can also reach the point where it nearly drowns his ‘civilized’ side, as in the case of Stanley Kowalski. In A St... ...that cannot be prevented. However, if mankind does manage to squelch all inhibitions and allow his actions to be ruled by instinct alone, then humanity’s tenuous hold on civility will be loosened and the results could be catastrophic. Works Cited Adler, Thomas P.   A Streetcar Named Desire: The Moth and the Lantern.   New York: Twayne, 1990. Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will. New York: Bantam Books, 1975. Dworkin, Andrea. Intercourse. New York: The Free Press, 1087 Lant, Kathleen Margaret. "A Streetcar Named Misogyny." pp. 225-238 in REDMOND. Miller, Jordan.   Twentieth Century Interpretations of a Streetcar Named Desire: a collection of critical essays.   New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1971. Redmond, James (Editor). Violence in Drama. Cambridge University Press; 1991.   Williams, Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire. Signet: New York, 1947.

The Bell Jar :: essays research papers

Sylvia Plath’s autobiography, The Bell Jar, tells the story of Plath’s own mental breakdown and suicide attempt, as well as her recovery and eventual reentrance into the outside world. The Bell Jar shows the transition of Plath as a young, hopeful girl into a cynical, suicidal woman. The main character whom represents Plath, Esther Greenwood, is first shown as an aspiring writer who is full of dreams and whose life is brimming with opportunities. As Esther becomes more and more depressed, Plath then shows a very different picture of a woman who has lost hope and no longer wishes to live. Plath conveys this deterioration through effective use of rhetorical devices such as imagery, alliteration, and point of view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the very beginning, Plath lets the reader know that all is not as well as it seems. Esther has won a fashion magazine contest. As her prize, she was given a job and accommodations in New York City. While this seems like a dream come true, Esther says, â€Å"I guess I should have been excited the way most of the other girls were, but I couldn’t get myself to react. I felt very still and very empty, the way the eye of a tornado must feel, moving dully along in the middle of the surrounding hullabaloo.† This use of metaphor helps the reader to better understand how Esther felt. Right from the start, there is something different about Esther, and her unhappiness continues to grow throughout the story. Esther takes to hanging out with another one of the girls, Doreen. Doreen has a habit of blowing off deadlines in favor of men and alcohol. Esther follows her around one night, and upon returning to her room comments, â€Å"The silence depressed me. I t wasn’t the silence of silence. It was my own silence.† This statement, made more effective by the first person point of view, conveys Esther’s growing sense of unhappiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Esther descends further into madness, a very vivid picture is painted. The once healthy young woman can no longer sleep, eat, or read. Stunning imagery is used when describing Esther’s inability to sleep. â€Å"†¦even my eyelids didn’t shut out the light. They hung the raw, red screen of their tiny vessels in front of me like a wound.† This description emphasizes the pain that Esther’s mental illness is inflicting upon her, through use of such words as â€Å"raw†, â€Å"red†, and â€Å"wound†.

Variable Voltage Regulator

1. INTRODUCTION 1. OVERVIEW In order to achieve several small scale and large scale objectives in various electronic circuits, it is highly essential to regulate the voltage supply, given to electronic circuits. This project, namely VARIABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR, aims at fulfilling such small goals, using the 3-terminal voltage regulator LM317. The circuit consists of an IC LM317 and a set of resistors and capacitors, in addition to the transformer and the rectifying element. The AC voltage, from the mains supply is initially stepped down to the desired voltage, which is then rectified to be applied to the input terminal of the voltage regulator IC. As mentioned earlier the voltage regulator then takes care of supplying a constant voltage at the output terminal. This voltage can be varied according to our requirements with the help of a variable resistor. This project designed has the ability to vary the voltage values from 1. 5V to 25V at an output current of 1A. 2. APPLICATIONS The LM317 is versatile in its applications, including uses in programmable output regulation and local on-card regulations Typical other applications of the voltage regulator circuits include the following: †¢ 5V Logic Regulator with Electronic Shutdown †¢ Slow Turn-On 15V Regulator †¢ High Stability 10V Regulator †¢ 0 to 30V Regulator †¢ Power Follower †¢ High Gain Amplifier †¢ 4A Switching Regulator with Overload Protection †¢ Precision Current Limiter †¢ Tracking Preregulator †¢ AC Voltage Regulator †¢ Digitally Selected Outputs Besides replacing fixed regulators, the LM317 is useful in a wide variety of other applications. Since the regulator is â€Å"floating† and sees only the input-to-output differential voltage, supplies of several hundred volts can be regulated as long as the maximum input to output differential is not exceeded, i. e. , avoid short-circuiting the output. 1. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 1. BLOCK DIAGRAM: LIST OF COMPONENTS: IC – LM317 D1-D4 – 1N4007 diode C1 – 2200 µF, 50V electrolytic capacitor C2 – 0. 1 µF, ceramic disc capacitor C3 – 10 µF, 40V electrolytic capacitor C4 – 22 µF, 35V electrolytic capacitor R1 – 47? , 1/4W resistor R2 – 10? , 1/2W resistor R3, R4 – 100? , 1/2W resistor VR1 – 1k? 1/2W wire wound potentiometer LEDs – green, red 1. IC LM317: An Adjustable Linear Voltage Regulator [pic] LM317 is the standard part number for an integrated three-terminal adjustable linear voltage regulator. LM317 is a positive voltage regulator supporting input voltage of 3V to 40V and output voltage betw een 1. 25V and 37V. A typical current rating is 1. 5A although several lower and higher current models are available. Variable output voltage is achieved by using a potentiometer or a variable voltage from another source to apply a control voltage to the control terminal. LM317 also has a built-in current limiter to prevent the output current from exceeding the rated current, and LM317 will automatically reduce its output current if an overheat condition occurs under load. LM317 is manufactured by many companies, including National Semiconductor, Fairchild Semiconductor, and STMicroelectronics. Although LM317 is an adjustable regulator, it is sometimes preferred for high-precision fixed voltage applications instead of the similar LM78xx devices because the LM317 is designed with superior output tolerances. For a fixed voltage application, the control pin will typically be biased with a fixed resistor network, a Zener diode network, or a fixed control voltage from another source. Manufacturer datasheets provide standard configurations for achieving various design applications, including the use of a pass transistor to achieve regulated output currents in excess of what the LM317 alone can provide. LM317 is available in a wide range of package forms for different applications including heatsink mounting and surface-mount applications. Common form factors for high-current applications include TO-220 with part number LM317T and TO-3 with part number LM317K. LM317 is capable of dissipating a large amount of heat at medium to high current loads and the use of a heatsink is recommended to maximize the lifespan and power-handling capability. LM337 is the negative voltage complement to LM317 and the specifications and function are essentially identical, except that the regulator must receive a control voltage and act on an input voltage that are below the ground reference point instead of above it These voltage regulators are exceptionally easy to use and require only two external resistors to set the output voltage. Further, both line and load regulation is better than standard fixed regulators. Also, the LM117 is packaged in standard transistor packages which are easily mounted and handled. The general circuit of a voltage regulator circuit containing LM317 is as given below: [pic] Normally, no capacitors are needed unless the device is situated more than 6 inches from the input filter capacitors in which case an input bypass is needed. An optional output capacitor can be added to improve transient response. The adjustment terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple rejection ratios which are difficult to achieve with standard 3-terminal regulators. Here we have designed the circuit according to the required specifications of the output current and output range of voltage. Before analyzing the design and calculation part, let us look into the general operation of the circuit for the variable voltage regulator. 2. OPERATION: 1 is the mains step down transformer (12-0-12), with a current rating of 500mA. It supplies a voltage of 12V or 24V to the regulator circuit. C1 is the main filter capacitor. The unregulated DC voltage across C1 at no load forms the input to LM317 regulator. The LM317 is a complete regulator. It has internal feedback, regulating voltage and current passing elements. In operation an accurate reference voltage, typically 1. 25V is developed between the output and adjust terminals. This reference voltage, when impressed across the resistor R1, sets up a current I1 that equals Vref/R1 in R1. I1 together with the quiescent current Iadj from the adjust terminal of the IC flows in the output set resistor R2, so that the voltage across R2 is V2 = (Vref/R1 + Iadj)*R2 The output voltage Vo at the output terminal of the IC is hence Vo=Vref + V2, given by Vo = Vref + (Vref/R1 + Iadj)*R2 Or Vo = Vref(1+R2/R1) + Iadj. R2 he LM317 is designed to minimize Iadj, this being an error term and also to make Iadj independent of line and load changes. To achieve this quiescent current is returned to the output terminal, thus establishing a minimum load current requirement. If the Iadj is neglected then the output voltage is then given by: Vo = Vref(1+R2/R1) In our project, this output voltage is available from a range of 1. 5V to 25V. This is attained with the help of the variable resistor, whose value can be varied to change the Iadj value and consequently get the desired voltage value at the output 3. DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS: 1. SPECIFICATIONS:- Output voltage: adj from 1. 25V to 25V Output current: 26. 5mA Line regulation: