memory is a constructive and active process Essay

Memory is a subject that has been of much interest to psychologists for many years and various research has been carried out in aid of trying to understand how memory works. It can be understood that memory is compromised of three processes and three key subsystems which enable it to work and perform efficiently on a daily basis. The encoding process is where information is retrieved via what is known as sensory memory which is encoded either visually or semantically by attaching a meaning to a word. In terms of storage of memory, the information in the sensory memory is either held in short term memory where it can be recalled for a few minutes or long term memory where it can be recalled for several decades. However a topic of much debate is whether memory is a constructive or passive process. Memory as an active process can be explained as the concept of memories being altered, distorted or even constructed from external sources whereas passive memory is where information is recal led exactly as it is encoded. A claim has been made that memory is active and constructive therefore in order to evaluate this claim it is important to consider the relevant studies carried out in this area of cognitive psychology. (Brace and Roth, 2007) When looking at the processes involved in memory, it is clear that the circumstances play an important role in whether retrieval becomes an active or passive process. When information is unfamiliar or leading questions are asked about memories, this can affect our recall and the memories can become distorted which implies a constructive aspect when recalling information. A number of studies examining specific circumstances and their effects on memory support this concept. Encoding follows a similar principle, where depending on the circumstances the information is either encoded passively or constructed with a mix of new information and information stored in long term memory in order to attach meaning to the information. Storage on the other hand is primarily passive as the information is recorded  automatically. It is also important to take into account that there is not just one type of memory but that it can be split into two different categories, short term memory and long term memory.(Brace and Roth, 2007) When looking at short term memory specifically, it becomes clear that there is a conscious and active aspect to the process therefore supporting the claim at least partially that memory is constructive. This is demonstrated in Baddley and Hitch’s model of short term memory (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) they claim that the short term memory is comparable to a â€Å"workbench† concept where new information is mixed with old memories and stored information in order to carry out a variety of processes depending on the specific circumstances. The main weakness with this theory or concept is the inability to visually see what is occuring in the brain. Although we can look at PET scans and see relative differences in the posterior Hippocampus when investigating the active part of memory as can be seen in Maguier et al’s study (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) of taxi drivers where that specific section of the brain was enlarged. We are still unable to see the actual information being encoded or stored however the speculation and theories put forward support the concept of some aspects of short term memory being constructive. Moving onto the main memory processes, Bartletts â€Å"The war of the ghosts† study (as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) is particularly relevant when evaluating the claim of memory being an entirely constructive and active process. He chose a story specifically aimed to contain unfamiliar concepts to the participants. This allowed him to examine the effects of social and personal experiences on memory and recall. This study supports the concept of memory being constructive and dynamic because the evidence shows that instead of the story being encoded and stored in a manner that allowed the participants to recall it accurately and undistorted, the participants used previous experiences and concepts that made sense to them in order to encode and retrieve the information. This distortion or transformation of the facts directly points to memory being active as during the processing of the story, it is likely that elaborative rehearsal played a part in the method of encoding and storage as the participants were linking information to  existing knowledge in order to make sense of the story. However it is important to consider there was no control over any of the variables in the study therefore the findings from the experiment would be difficult to measure in terms of accuracy and reliability in relation to the claim proposed. Further support for the claim comes from a study carried out by Loftus and Palmer (1974, as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) which was designed to look at the effect of leading questions and the influence of linguistics on our memory of events. This study further supports the concept of memory being constructive as the information is being distorted through the participants own experiences, this shows that the memories are not being recalled accurately but are being recalled in a manner that the participant is merging past experiences and knowledge along with the study material. This combined with the suggestive nature of the verbs used could also affect the retrieval of memories by misattributing the source resulting in the participants believing something that may not be entirely accurate, in this case the speed of the cars and presence of glass in the video. Although when interpreting the findings, it is important to consider the confounding variable of individual differences I.e personal perception of speed which could effect the validity and generalisability of the data. The study also lacks ecological validity as witnessing the car crash via a media source would not evoke the same emotional response as a witnessing it first hand, which could effect the quality and detail of the information stored. In contrast, certain aspects of memory imply a passive aspect of memory as some types of memories are accurately stored and recalled with little or no distortion and rarely forgotten. In the Bahrick et al (1975, as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) study which looked at the recollection of faces and names of people from their graduating classes it was found that even after 35 years there was almost no forgetting and accurate recall of names and faces. This Study supports the aspect of memory being a passive process as the information encoded is being recalled accurately and over a long period of time. These types of memories are classed as enduring memories and little or no loss or distortion occurs until very old age where other factors could  be responsible. However a weakness of the study was that it only tested names and faces which is a small representation of the types of knowledge stored in long term memory so would be difficult to apply the findings to all aspects of long term memory. Brown and Kulik (1977, as cited in Brace and Roth 2007) created the term ‘flashbulb memories’ in relation to autobiographical memories and carried out an experiment to demonstrate this theory. This experiment focused on events that are surprising and provoke strong emotional responses. This study further supports the notion of memory being passive as long as certain conditions are met. In this particular case the event has to be important to the individual and has to evoke a strong emotional response. As long as these conditions are met an individual is able to store and recall their memories of the event very accurately or at least the reception of the event i.e. who they were with and when they first found out etc. The emotional aspect of the event and the importance to the individual means the information can be recalled exactly as it was encoded with little or no distortion. However, it is important to consider that the rehearsal effect may play an important part in the storage of the memories due to the emotional nature of the event it is possible that these memories are replayed or rehearsed more often than other memories. After evaluating the evidence in relation to the claim that memory is constructive and active, taking into account both the results and the inherent problems with the studies methodology the conclusion has to be drawn that whilst some aspects of memory are indeed constructive there are also passive elements in all three processes of memory. The studies carried out on the retrieval process of memory certainly show strong indication of memory being constructive and show that memories can be altered or distorted by a variety of factors meaning the information retrieved is subject to change. However looking at both the encoding and storage processes these have been shown to have both passive and constructive elements depending on the circumstances such as emotional responses and personal relevance. Therefore looking at memory as a single entity, it has to be seen as an amalgamation of both constructive and passive elements. (Brace and Roth,  2007) References : Brace, N and Roth, I (2007) ‘Memory : structures, processes and skills’ in D. Miell, A.Phoenix, & K.Thomas(Eds.) Mapping psychology, Milton Keynes, The Open University.

Ketone reduction

IntroductionKetone reduction is one of the fundamental reactions in organic synthesis and this results to the formation of the corresponding alcohol as the final product. In synthetic organic chemistry carbonyl reduction is an important process leading to a wide variety of reducing being realized. Several of these reducing agents can be used to reduce all carbonyl groups, but one class of compounds only react with hydride donors. Taking for example lithium aluminum hydride reduces in most occasion’s ketone, esters and aldehydes.Experiment 5B:The experiment was performed using the right procedures that was provided and the instructions followed to the latter and in this case sodiumborohydride was used as the reducing agent, the protocol followed came from a laboratory manual or primary literature. It is said in theory that the four hydrides in sodium borohydride are always in place to reduce a molecule of ketone, this suggests that one mole of sodium borohydride reduces four mo les of ketone. Sodium borohydride in this experiment was used to reduce 4-t-butylcyclohexanone which has a large sized t-butyl group making it to exist in an almost exclusive chair conformation one of its kind.Post-Lab assignment1. a)   The Lewis structure of a hydride ion is as shown;H- (hydride) Lewis structure and the (electron dot diagram) [H]+ or H+b)   This is because the carbonyl carbon has two delocalized electrons thus tends to   display high affinity for the four hydride ions (H-) off the Sodium borohydride which is highly neucleophilic2)  Ã‚   The mechanism involved the highly nucleophilic borohydride attacking at both the endo and the exo sides leading to the formation of both cis and trans isomers.4.   This was possible since the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid led to the formation of water molecule leading to neutralization of the excess reducing agent.5.   Percentage Yield = ratio of products to reactants multiplied by 100 percent6.  Ã‚   a) The mel ting point of the major product was rather low than the literature value melting point range.b)   This is so inorder to accommodate any experimental mistakes that might have occurred during the performance of the experiment also we can say that the presence and positioning of the t-butyl group contributed a great deal to the melting range of the product.7.  Ã‚   a)   There is absorbtion in IR at wave number 1710 cm-18.   The reaction forms two products since there is nucleophilic attack at both endo and exo sides of the main reactant 4-t-butylcyclohexanone, and the product structures are below,  Ã‚  t.-Bu  Ã‚  OH  Ã‚   cis-4-t-butylcyclohexanol      Or  OH   Ã‚  t-Bu   trans-4-butylcyclohexanol the main product.a) The Newman projection for the cis-isomer b) The Newman projection for the trans-isomerc)   Using the integrated values the ratio of cis/trans being the products can be calculated using the complex signals, one centered at 4.05 and the other near 3 .5 thus the areas under these complex signals are 0.85:3.66 or 1:4.3.References1.   University of West Florida, NMR Analysis of 4-t-Butylcyclohexanols

Agricultural Change And Intensification In Britain Environmental Sciences Essay

Throughout the past century, the British agricultural system has experienced considerable changes in footings of direction patterns and attitudes to environmental protection. The most dramatic and influential alterations occurred in the late fortiess, with post-war mechanization. Following World War 2, concerns over nutrient security grew, motivating the Government to promote increased nutrient production. Emphasis was placed upon the usage of modern and intensive agricultural patterns to increase end product, ensuing in enhanced mechanization, enlargement and intensification ( Dobbs and Pretty, 2004 ) . However, a move to big scale agri-business resulted in profound and inauspicious effects on rural biodiversity and farming area home grounds with the over-exploitation of their valuable resources. Habitats underwent considerable debasement, peculiarly with hedge remotion to suit larger machinery, destructing extremely good nutrient beginnings and engendering home grounds for wildlife. Additionally, technological promotions led to the widespread execution of man-made chemical weedkillers and pesticides to increase outputs, which resulted in terrible damaging effects to flora, zoologies and H2O quality. Furthermore, the debut of larger and more sophisticated agricultural machinery and cultivated land procedures resulted in significant decreases to dirty quality, through compression and eroding. With 75 % of UK land classed as agricultural, cumulatively these damaging effects sparked major concern ( Montemayor et al. , 2010 ) .1.2 The Rise of Modern EnvironmentalismAs a consequence of the widespread debasement of agricultural ecosystems during the post-war period, the coming of modern environmentalism in the 1970s and 1980s focussed consciousness on the importance of extenuating the inauspicious impacts of agricultural intensification. The publication of Rachel Carson ‘s ‘Silent Spring ‘ in 1962 is thought to hold been a major landmark in the outgro wth of environmental consciousness ( Dunlap, 2008 ) . Carson highlighted the considerable damaging side-effects of pesticide use, peculiarly DDT. Concern was sparked amongst ecologists over the possible for bioaccumulation of DDT within ecosystems and its harmful generative impacts, peculiarly for birds. Doctors and the general population besides feared the harmful effects of indiscriminate DDT usage, due to toxicity and carcinogenic effects ( Carson, 1962 ) . Therefore, the publication of ‘Silent Spring ‘ instigated the modern environmental motion, and people became more cognizant of the jobs faced within the agricultural sector.1.3 The Common Agricultural PolicyThe European Union Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP ) provides agricultural subsidies to member provinces in order to advance sustainable agribusiness ( European Commission, 2010 ) . The CAP is made up of 2 pillars ; pillar 1 encompasses market support steps and direct payments for run intoing cross-compliance c riterions chiefly for the environment, nutrient safety and animate being public assistance. Pillar 2 nevertheless is focussed upon rural development programmes ( House of Lords, 2005 ) . The early CAP of the 1950s was focussed upon pillar 1 steps, for increasing autonomy through the proviso of inducements to husbandmans in order to promote greater productiveness. However, with the rise of modern environmentalism, the agricultural accent shifted towards environmental sustainability, doing a bifurcation of the function of land directors with the demand to non merely supply agricultural efficiency, but besides to integrate environmental protection ( ref ) . With increasing accent on environmental saving, and a realization of the potency of agro-ecological procedures, the United Kingdom introduced the first agri-environmental strategy in 1987, named the Environmentally Sensitive Areas strategy ( ESA ) . This was superseded by the Countryside Stewardship Scheme ( CSS ) in 1991 which was a consequence of the major CAP reforms of the 1990s, aimed at supplying for the altering demands of both the agricultural sector and the wider community ( Natural England ) . Figure 1.1 clearly illustrates the alterations to UK agri-environment strategies which took topographic point between 1973 and 2000, foregrounding the important changes to agricultural precede nces. Figure 1.1: Changes in UK agri-environment strategy subsidies from 1973 – 2000 ( beginning: Monetary value, 2003, p.122 ) . Degree centigrades: UsersEmPicturesimg010.jpg Since so, the demand to extenuate clime alteration has been progressively recognised, in order to restrict dirt and H2O debasement and to control the loss of biodiversity. Whilst direct pillar 1 subsidy payments still exist under the Single Farm Payment Scheme, accent has been shifted to pillar 2 policies ; redesigned to non merely crippled environmental harm, but heighten the agricultural landscape through the publicity of more sustainable agriculture patterns that will make a natural environment that is better suited to defy the impacts of climatic alteration.1.4 Environmental StewardshipThe Environmental Stewardship ( ES ) strategy was introduced in 2005, as a agency to counterbalance husbandmans for supplying specific environmental criterions that go beyond the cross-compliance standard of the CAP. ES strategies are administered for the authorities ‘s Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) by Natural England, and are a cardinal constituent of the Europe an Union funded Rural Development Programme for England 2007-2013, conveying together the old CSS and ESA strategies ( Natural England ) . As keepers and stewards of the rural landscape, husbandmans have an intuitive ethical duty to continue and enrich farming area ecosystems ; nevertheless this is frequently non realistic in footings of fiscal viability ( ref ) . With the major challenges posed by clime alteration, and subsequent nutrient security issues, it has become progressively of import that support and counsel is made available for husbandmans and land directors. This enables the bringing of effectual environmental protection, whilst keeping premier agricultural land, to heighten the part of agribusiness to climate alteration extenuation through diminishing nursery gas emanations and bettering dirt C segregation ( Natural England ) . Environmental Stewardship strategies are presently the primary beginning of pecuniary inducements, dwelling of Entry Level Stewardship ( ELS ) , Higher Level Stewardship ( HLS ) , Organic Entry Level Stewardship ( OELS ) and Uplands Entry Level Stewardship ( UELS ) . It is recognised that little graduated table husbandmans must stay the focal point of such enterprises, explicating the demand for 4 different multi-objective strategies. The chief aims of Environmental Stewardship are to: preserve biodiversity maintain and enhance landscape quality protect the historic environment promote public apprehension and entree protect natural dirt and H2O resources ( Natural England, 2010 ) ELS enchiridion ) This survey will concentrate merely upon ELS and HLS ; explained in the undermentioned subdivisions.1.4.1 Entry Level StewardshipThe ELS strategy is a 5 twelvemonth understanding, open to all land directors in England, and offers a broad scope of options for simple yet effectual environmental direction. 30 points per hectare must be chosen from over 50 options, in order to have a payment of & A ; lb ; 30 per hectare per twelvemonth. Management options include the usage of buffer strips, assorted stocking, screen harvests, harvest rotary motion and watercourse fence ( Natural England ELS enchiridion ) . ELS is a wide and shallow, high uptake attack with environmental demands that are comparatively easy to run into without significantly changing direction patterns.1.4.2 Higher Degree StewardshipHLS normally builds upon ELS, OELS or UELS, offering a higher tiered direction strategy. It is more complex and demanding, necessitating well greater input, which is reflected in the higher comp ensation payments for direction input and capital plants. Emphasis is placed upon specialized land direction to supply important environmental addition in high precedence countries. HLS understandings last for 10 old ages, and are a competitory and discretional, narrow and deep attack with a lower application success rate. In add-on to the sweetening of ELS aims, HLS provides chances for bettering public entree and carry oning educational visits ( Natural England: HLS handbook 2010 ) .1.5 PurposesThis research undertaking aims to supply an original penetration into the effectivity of the Environmental Stewardship strategy. While other surveies focus upon the motivations of participants and the obstructions that limit engagement, this probe will turn to an underexplored, yet extremely relevant subject which relates non merely to agricultural patterns, but to wider environmental and anthropogenetic clime alteration concerns that remain at the head of current arguments.1.6 Research Que stionsThis probe aims to specifically turn to the undermentioned research inquiries: Are the ecological benefits to vegetations and zoologies well better under the Higher Level Stewardship Scheme when compared to the Entry Level Stewardship Scheme? Is there a pronounced sweetening of flora species richness under HLS when compared to ELS? Is H2O quality and therefore aquatic species diverseness enhanced under HLS? Does macrolepidoptera copiousness and composing exhibit significant sweetening under higher tiered direction schemes? Are dirt features significantly altered under different direction grades? 2. Overall, is Environmental Stewardship an effectual manner to pull off the rural landscape, and can the high fiscal input required be considered cost effectual in footings of the environmental return?1.7 AimsTo ease the scrutiny of the purposes and research inquiries the undermentioned aims will be used: 1. Identify 4 appropriate survey sites ; 2 ELS and 2 HLS managed farms in South Devon on which the necessary research can be conducted. 2. Undertake macroinvertebrate, dirt, flora and macrolepidoptera trying at each survey site. 3. Identify all species observed and collate informations obtained from each location. 4. Process informations utilizing appropriate graphical and statistical techniques. 5. Discourse the consequences that are obtained in order to derive a reasoned and representative rating of the effectivity of the different Environmental Stewardship direction grades. In order to carry through these aims, a literature reappraisal will be undertaken to supply farther penetration into the subject, and inform the informations aggregation, analysis and treatment chapters.

Does Communication Matter in ALL Fields Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Does Communication Matter in ALL Fields - Essay Example Attaining success in the field of business is heavily reliant on the attainment of effective communication. In this field it is necessary for stakeholders to use the right communication tools to communicate the appropriate message and to do so in a timely manner. In fact, in business, communication is a vital key that managers rely on to motivate and their staff and other stakeholders to aspire toward the attainment of organizational goals and success. The importance of communication in business today can also be proven by the fact that most successful corporations have corporate communication departments which deal with improving communication. Studies indicate that people who work in business-oriented fields spend over nearly three quarters of their time at work communicating (Phillips & Friedman, 2008).It is findings such as these that have driven employers in the business field to put more emphasis on the need to employ people who can communicate effectively. In fact, lack of eff ective language skills, low self-assurance in communication and improper body language have been cited as some of the most common reasons why employers disqualify potential employees in business-related fields. This is perhaps due to the fact that employers look for a recruit who can communicate effectively on a global scale because of increased globalization (Phillips & Friedman, 2008). In science- related fields, communication is also just as important. There is a prevalent perception in society today that people in science-related fields are mostly aloof and have very minimal communication skills. While this perception is not entirely accurate, it is a fact that it is often easier for scientists to communicate with their colleagues than it is for them to do so with those not in the realm of science. However, effective communication matters in the field of science because; ultimately, scientists need to express their ideas to non-scientists in

Bankruptcy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bankruptcy - Essay Example Chapter 7 Bankruptcy is also known as straight bankruptcy in which an individual or a corporation will discharge the filing defaulter in exchange for giving up assets. Therefore, the chapter 7 is legislated specifically for people who cannot afford or who are unable to pay their debt. Accordingly, one chief reason people choose to file chapter 7 is that if one qualifies, he or she can then afford the monthly reimbursement for the items they wish to keep. This is unlike chapter 13 because those who file chapter 7 debtors are often ready to credit score more quickly because they aim to complete bankruptcy suit swiftly (Gambrell & Associates, n.d.). As with Chapter 13 on the other hand, the debtor is demanded to reimburse all or part of his/her debts in terms of reduction of upcoming income within a stipulated period of 3-5 years as per chapter 13 arrangement. Much of the debt that is not reimbursed as set out in the agreement or a plan of reorganization will have to be wiped out or discharged. This is unlike in chapter 7 where bankruptcy does not discharge much of the mortgage, for if debtor desires to keep an item product e.g. an apartment or a car as security for a loan, he is required to prolong these payments. However, under chapter 13, nearly all long-term debts and mortgages have to be paid in their usual monthly reimbursement either during or outside the plan, apart from for the payments that were due ahead of the case filing (Gambrell & Associates, n.d.). Chapter 9 deals with municipalities and a municipal is required to demonstrate its eligibility to be a debtor in pursuant of section 109 (c) and such eligibility to file for chapter 9 is often contested by creditor (s). Such is different with chapter 11 whereby eligibility is never challenged as a party is supposed to be eligible for filing save for insurance companies, stockbrokers, insured banks, and commodity brokers. Another

Overcoming the Modern - Kawabata's 'Yukiguni' Essay

Overcoming the Modern - Kawabata's 'Yukiguni' - Essay Example 246). A love affair between rich Tokyo dilettante, Shimamura, and a young geisha, Komako, is the main story of the novel. However, cultural symbolism interwoven in the plot of the story makes it look like a Japanese puzzle. It is both interesting to read and complex to understand all the meanings of writer’s cultural riddles. One has to be well aware of Japanese cultural nuances to accept Kawabata’s book as easy reading of a love story. Romantic relationship is not the main idea the writer wants to express. There are much more issues of cultural identity which are raised in this literary work. To understand and appreciate Kawabata’s â€Å"Yukiguni† a reader has to be competent in Japanese culture and literature enough. Also difference in mentality and perceptions of Japanese and Western culture might influence on understanding Kawabata’s work. There is no wonder in different interpretations of the main messages’ meaning, because Kawabata’ â€Å"characters are determined by forces so completely beyond their control that these characters typically appear to the Western reader almost pathologically passive and irresolute† (Pollack, 102). At the same time, however, life and human relationships in different cultures are much alike. There is no wonder that a non-Japanese reader will associate himself/herself with Shimamura or Komato. Furthermore, most of Kawabata’s works are claimed to be plotless. Reading â€Å"Snow Country† requires some meditation and contemplation. Otherwise, the reader might lose not only interest, but complete understanding of the essence of this book. Having enough knowledge about Japan and its culture, one has to be able to read between the lines to understand Japaneseness of Kawabata’s novel. According to Pollack, Japanese writer’s work is based on Tanabata legend (misfortunate astral lover who are

UN and Internal conflicts of the 1990s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UN and Internal conflicts of the 1990s - Essay Example Mostly those that have undergone civil strife within the warring factions in the local communities were given humanitarian relief instead of striving towards the achievement of peace through peacekeeping and peacebuilding missions, especially due to ethnic and cultural conflicts. Brahm (2005) mentions that the lack of central authority in nations that experienced tragic deaths due to ethnic and cultural conflicts makes it difficult for the UN to act, when it is in fact the UN that should already serve as the main central authority. Brahm also cites that the UN is known to act towards existing crises, not preventing them. He continues to note that although the UN Secretary-General at the time of post by Boutros Boutros-Ghali and Kofi Annan was effective in extending a diplomatic hand in negotiations and interventions without the requirement of the Security Council's go-signal, it is still the Security Council who is main executor of resolutions and actions that will pursue missions. The commitment value of the Member States in assuring thorough relief and support in aiding the nations involved with civil strife based on political and cultural differences, according to Brahm, is way low, and primarily the difficulties lie in the finger-pointing of who will pro vide continuous advocacy that will eventually help these said afflicted nations towards their own deliverance. In this we agree. Most of the times the UN has been seen to act based on the individual interests of the Member States, and if it is something that does not involve their nation's benefiting from such a situation, it is most likely that they are not as keen to offer sincere assistance. Still, there have been resolutions that the UN has successfully produced and achieved. Mostly these resolutions are where all parties involved have reached an agreement and has finally acknowledged the need for a peace accord. Peacekeeping missions therefore were widely supported by Member States, as they are assigned to protect diplomatic relations by safeguarding civilians and state officials, restoration of order, helping refuges, enforcing human rights, even monitoring political environment. The opinion that "peacebuilding is a Western concept" and therefore is not applicable in most of the cases where peacebuilding was targeted to be achieved as Brahm (2005) has stated in his essay may sound questionable in itself, but is legitimate in the sense that it should be taken into context within that particular situation. The Security Council must always take into consideration the need for understanding the historical root cause of an event such as political and civil strife in non-We stern countries and use this understanding in its decision making process to reach a solid and firm resolution towards the nature of peacebuilding mission they are to send to that afflicted country. Majority of the main issues that the UN must accept and acknowledge belong to its 'inabilities' category, where the UN's failure to respond the soonest possible time to internal conflicts is due to its delay in identifying a threat to the peace as based on

Should we have the Good Faith Exception extended to searches and Research Paper

Should we have the Good Faith Exception extended to searches and seizures - Research Paper Example ditions. The Fourth Amendment is limited to governmental searches and seizures made by the federal government and also state governments through the Due Process Clause, Justice Felix Frankfurter said in the case â€Å"The security of one's privacy against arbitrary intrusion by the police is basic to a free society† (Wolf v. Colorado [1941])). But in order to understand what an unreasonable search and seizure is, we must fist understand the concept or definition of â€Å"search†. In the landmark case of Katz v. ... Any evidence that are taken in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible as evidence in any criminal prosecution in a court. The Fourth Amendment protects man from unreasonable government interference in his daily life, although several Supreme Court cases have provided certain exceptions to this general rule. One of this exceptions established by the Supreme Court was made in the landmark case of United States v. Leon (1984) is the â€Å"good faith rule†. The fact of the case was based on a drug case that was under surveillance by the police authority in Burbank, California. Based on the information given by the officer taking the said surveillance, a certain Officer Rombach filed for an application of a search warrant for three residences upon the review and approval of the District Attorney. A state court judge after reviewing the request, issued a search warrant. Hence, a search ensued and the suspects were indicted for federal drug offenses. Upon trial, respondent suspects moved that the evidence taken in the search be inadmissible as evidence stating that the affidavit lacked sufficient proof of probable cause. Officer Rombach replied in his defense that his reliance on the search warrant was based on good faith, believing that the officer that gave the information was based on his personal knowledge that would in effect lead to a proper probable cause. The Courts accepted the defense and thereafter established good faith reliance on a defective search warrant by the court, as an exception to the exclusionary rule in violating the Fourth Amendment. As Justice Brennan and Justice Marshall dissented in the case, I also agree that the good faith exception is a dangerous decision that can violate the civil liberties protected by the

Data exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data exchange - Essay Example 3D-XML format supports seamless integration with a number of office productivity software and popular web browsers; for example, 3D-XML files can be embedded into a Word or PowerPoint document by a simple drag-and-drop operation (James 2006). 3D-XML technology makes 3D data accessible to the extended enterprise as a whole, hence, enabling users to add extra dimension to their documentation as well as improve their collaboration with others (James 2006). 3D-XML allows incorporation of PLM (Project Life Cycle Management) information into various forms of communication such as technical documentation, maintenance manuals, marketing brochures, websites, emails and many others. (Dassault Systems n.d.) According to Leondes (2002, p. 379), ‘IGES is a standard used to exchange graphics information between commercial CAD systems’. He further described that IGES includes four sections: the Start Section that provides a human readable prologue to the file, the Global Section that contains information describing the preprocessor and information needed by postprocessor to handle the file, the Directory Entry Section which provides an index and contains attribute information and topological information about each entity, and the Parameter Data Section that contains geometrical parameter data associated with each entity (Leondes 2002, p. 379 – 380). Ball, A, Ding, L & Patel, M 2008, ‘An Approach to Accessing Product Data across System and Software Revisions’, Advanced Engineering Informatics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp.222-235, viewed 7 November 2008, http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/projects/grand-challenge/papers/ball.etal2008aap.pdf Leondes, CT 2002, Database and Data Communication Network Systems: Techniques and Applications, vol. 2, viewed 7 November 2008,

Leadership and management Style Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership and management Style - Assignment Example My past experience tells me that nowadays there is a lack of alignment between goals of an organization and leadership style. I, being a leader, want to align the strategy of the organization with leadership style. Management style varies depending upon the nature, size and kind of the organization. The authoritative leadership style works well when the job is monotonous and does not require much innovation and input from employees e.g. Military organizations and hospitals. Through my past experience I have found that I am good at leading people authoritatively. But my weakness is that I crashed during stress times and critical decision making. Although I always came up with the right decision but I got extremely nervous when I had to complete more than one task at a time. I was more involved in taking suggestions from others regarding taking decision. But my experience has told me that this job cannot be done without being authoritative as it is the matter of life of patient. In fut ure, I would not repeat this mistake of mine and will improve my leadership style. The trait theory of leadership says that there are certain traits that are required in individuals who want to become at the leadership positions and the leaders are born as leaders. These traits describe basic qualities leaders possess like achievement drive, motivation, self-confidence, knowledge of business, cognitive ability, emotional maturity and few others like charismatic personality and flexibility. It assumes that leaders are born with these qualities and cannot be made (Trait Theory). Task 2 When applying this theory on my own personality, I come to a conclusion that I am a born leader. Throughout my job experience, I observed my behavior at certain situation which told me that I possess the leadership qualities. My past experiences were all of this kind that helped me getting to know about my own talents and abilities. I have always been supportive and cooperative. There have been times wh ere I had to take some decisions authoritatively as the job of nursing is a very important job where there is not much room for flexibility. My self-confidence and cognitive ability enabled me to manage stress and time but not that well as I want to. Knowledge of business is the most important trait of a leader in my view. When one does not know what his or her business is, he cannot be an effective leader. My educational qualification as well as past job experiences were fruitful enough to give me a knowhow of the field of nursing. However, in my view the traits of the leaders are not always present in the leaders in every situation. There are times when changes in traits are needed. In my view I lag in the flexibility part of the traits and in my view this trait can be acquired by the experience. What kind of situation will be most helpful for what kind of trait, these are few things on which I need to focus and learn. My personal development objectives are To become a part of an organization where I can apply my leadership skills I want to add value to the enterprise rather than being just a part of it I want to learn more about the decision making importance in nursing field Given the sense of autonomy, I want to utilize my potential to the maximum I want to learn where do I lag when it comes to managing the people I want to improve my communication skills and be more supportive I want to increase the flexibility of my traits so that I can be a

Strategic management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic management - Assignment Example In the last decade the company has progressively developed despite the challenges. However, within this period, the company has passed through different vicious contentions in the business, but it has still achieved growth enabling it to attain its current commanding status. There has been much interest in the German market, however, the state of affairs in Germany can be referred to as ‘a black hole’ since the market seems impenetrable by foreign firms. The same could apply to the Scandinavian market owing to non-existence of Indesit in these regions. However, the market in Turkey could be described as undeterminable yet rapidly advancing. This has forced Indesit to have minimal investment in these countries (Doole & Lowe, 2008). Despite establishing its presence in Europe, there are still some regions, such as Germany and Turkey, where the company has not established its presence, including recording poor performance in the Scandinavian countries. The Managing Director of the company acknowledged the fact that the location of the business disfavours the overall idea of innovative administrative practices, alongside adoption of technological solutions. This forces the company to rely on external concepts for the purposes of advancing the c ompany business. The expansion into the global market poses a major test to the firm and its assets. Such practice calls for the need to implement global marketing strategies such as adapting workable business models and theoretical constructs (Doole & Lowe, 2008). Indesit Company requires some theoretical concepts and business models for the purposes of penetrating Germany, Turkey and Scandinavian markets. In such a case, the company should consider cultural theory of buying behavior. In this case consumers make purchases based on their cultural backgrounds. Culture refers to set of values and beliefs defining a particular community. In such regions as Scandinavia, purchases are based on various aspects

The First Tim I Came to the US Essay Example for Free

The First Tim I Came to the US Essay When I came to the United States, I felt very glad. My whole family was already living here. I was excited to be with them again. My family brought me happiness and joy. They showed me around New Jersey so I would not get lost. In the next few months after my arrival, I got a job. In this state, it is very important to have a job to be able to pay bills and the necessary items needed to live. When I was in my job, I worked hard and quickly to earn my living. While I was working, I used to think about how different the Dominican Republic was here. From there, I knew that I had to think about how different the Dominican Republic was from here. From there, I knew that I had to learn English because my boss was American, and he did not know Spanish. The days went by, and I knew that I needed to learn English as fast as possible. I talked to my family because some of them knew English. I then started learning from them. I had a beautiful daughter, Leslie. I could not wait for her to get older. When Leslie got older, she helped me. She gave me homework to do and started speaking to me in English. I had to understand her because she told me she was only going to talk to me in English. Every time I said a word incorrectly, I had to keep on saying it. Months passed, and I was saying the word that I struggled with correctly. I was so happy for myself. The next thing you know, I was going to a university. My teacher, Israel Delgado, helped me a lot. I feel like English is a good thing to know. It is very helpful.

Environmental sustainable development

Environmental sustainable development Introduction Sustainability can be described as a state in which humankind is living within the carrying capacity of the earth. This means that the earth has the capacity to accommodate the needs of existing populations in a sustainable way and is therefore also able to provide for future generations. Humankind is nowadays facing the fact that, with its intensive industrial activities, pollution, and resource exploitation has exceeded the earths carrying capacity. This means we must make strong and concerted shift of development in direction where earth can sustain humankind needs. This concerted and integrated action and change of direction can be referred to as sustainable development. Changes and integrated action can be first applied on micro level sectors like mining industries, where cumulative effects of such small changes can give very good results, in terms of sustainable development, (B. Clayton et al, 2002). The Brundtland Commissions (1987) vision of sustainable development is to mee t the needs of the present generation without undermining the capacity of future generations to meet their needs. . Sustainable development can be looked at as a process; this process involves the economic, social and cultural aspects of mankind as well as the environmental health of the planet, (Brundtland, 1987). This report is to elaborate on the Mining and Minerals sector how Sustainable development can be applied to the sector to confront present challenges. Jonathon Porritt puts it: Sustainable development is the only intellectually coherent, sufficiently inclusive potentially mind-changing concept that gets even half-way close to capturing the true nature and urgency of the challenge that now confronts the world and there is really no alternative, (D.Clayton et al., 2002). In the past decade, the mining and minerals industry has come under tremendous pressure to improve its social, developmental, and environmental performance, (http://ccsenet.org/jsd). Like other parts of the corporate world, companies are more routinely expected to perform to ever higher standards of behaviour, going well beyond achieving the best rate of return for shareholders. They are also increasingly being asked to be more transparent and subject to third-party audit or review. In response, a number of companies, either independently or with other actors, is establishing voluntary standards that often go beyond any law. But even so, some observers remain suspect that many businesses are merely engaging in public relations exercises and doubt their sincerity. In particular, the industry has been failing to convince some of its constituencies and stakeholders that it necessarily has the social licence to operate in many areas of the world. Despite the industrys undoubted importance in meeting the need for minerals and its significant contributions to economic and social development, concerns about aspects of its performance prevail. Mining, refining, and the u se and disposal of minerals have in some instances led to significant local environmental and social damage. It is not always clear that mining brings economic and social benefits to the host countries, as the minerals sector sometimes operates where there is poor governance, including corruption, and is thus associated with it, (G.J. Coakley, 1999). In some cases, communities and indigenous groups near or around mines allege human rights abuses. Many countries and communities depend on minerals production as a source of income and a means of development. And with growing trade liberalization and privatization, much of the investment in minerals exploration and production has turned to developing and transition countries. Mining is important in 51 developing countries accounting for 15-50% of exports in 30 countries and 5-15% of exports in a further 18 countries, and being important domestically in 3 other countries. About 3.5 billion people live in these countries, with about 1.5 billion living on less than US$2 per day, (World Bank, 2002). Minerals development can create many opportunities, including jobs, a transfer of skills and technology, and the development of local infrastructure and services. However, there is sometimes a lack of capacity, knowledge, and incentives to turn investment into development. The industry has generated wealth in direct and indirect ways but, it is alleged, there is a mismatch of opportunities and problems the wealth often being enjoyed far from the communities and environments that feel the adverse impacts. Sustainable development objectives A review of literature on sustainability suggests that sustainability can be described in terms of social, economic and environmental states that are required in order for overall sustainability to be achieved. The World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of Implementation provides range of sustainable development objectives that should be aimed in order to achieve sustainability. Environmental Sustainable Development Objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Size, productivity and biodiversity: Ensure that development conserves or increased the size, biodiversity and productivity of the biophysical environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Resource management: Ensure that development supports the management of the biophysical environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Resource extraction and processing: Ensure that development minimizes the use of support of environmentally damaging resource extraction and processing practices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Waste and pollution: Ensure that development manages the production of waste to ensure that this does not cause environmental damage. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Water: Ensure that development manages extraction, consumption and disposal of water in order not to adversely affect the biophysical environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Energy: Ensure that development manages the extraction and consumption of resources in order not to adversely affect natural systems (Gibberd, 2005). Economic Sustainable Development Objectives: Vol. 3, No. 1 Journal of Sustainable Development, (http://ccsenet.org/jsd). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Employment and self-employment: Ensure that development supports increased access to employment and supports self-employment and the development of small enterprises. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Efficiency and effectiveness: Ensure that development (including technology specified) is designed and managed to be highly efficient and effective, achieving high productivity level with few resources and limited waste and pollution. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Indigenous knowledge and technology: Ensure that development takes into account and draws on, where appropriate, indigenous knowledge and technology. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sustainable accounting: Ensure that development is based on a scientific approach that takes in to account, and is formed by, social, environmental and economic impacts. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ An enabling environment: Develop an enabling environment for sustainable development including the development of transparent, equitable, supportive policies, processes and forward planning. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Small-scale, local and diverse economies: Ensure that development supports development of small-scale, local and diverse economies, (Gibberd, 2005). Social Sustainable Development Objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Access: Ensures that development supports increased access to land, adequate shelter, finance, information, public service, technology and communications where this is needed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Education: Ensure that development improves levels of education and awareness, including awareness of sustainable development. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inclusive: Ensure that development processes, and benefits, are inclusive. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Health, Safety and Security: Ensure that development considers human rights and supports improved health, safety and security. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Participation: Ensure that development supports interaction, partnerships and involves and is influenced by the people that it affects. This description provides simple definitions for sustainability and sustainable development. A useful aspect of the definition is that it provides both an ultimate state that must be strived for a swell set of actions or objectives, which if addressed and implemented, will lead towards sustainable development, (Gibberd, 2005). Sustainable Development Framework for the Minerals Sector Applying the concept of sustainable development to the minerals sector does not mean making one mine after another sustainable. The challenge of the sustainable development framework is to see that the minerals sector as a whole contributes to human welfare and well-being today without reducing the potential for future generations to do the same. Thus the approach has to be both comprehensive taking into account the whole minerals system and forward looking, setting out long-term as well as short term objectives, (D. Clayton et al, 2002). Moving from the concept of sustainable development to action requires: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a robust framework based on an agreed set of broad principles; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ an understanding of the key challenges and constraints facing the sector at different levels and in different regions and the actions needed to meet or overcome them, along with the respective roles and responsibilities of actors in the sector; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a process for responding to these challenges that respects the rights and interests of all those involved, is able to set priorities, and ensures that action is taken at the appropriate level à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ an integrated set of institutions and policy instruments to ensure minimum standards of compliance as well as responsible voluntary actions; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ verifiable measures to evaluate progress and foster consistent improvement. If the minerals sector is to contribute positively to sustainable development, it needs to demonstrate continuous improvement of its social, economic, and environmental contribution, with new and evolving governance systems. The sector needs a framework within which it should judge and pursue any development. The Challenges of Implementation One of the key challenges for minerals sector is implementation. I n other to facilitate putting sustainable development into practice in the mining and minerals sector, policy makers will need to select a mixture of the principles of sustainable development outlined above. Putting sustainable development into practice also requires actors in the minerals sector to be publicly committed to explicit and well-understood goals and objectives. Leadership from the top is a must, as is the need to ensure that all employees understand what sustainable development entails. This is necessary not only for companies but also for government ministries and departments at all levels, as well as labour, civil society organizations, and communities. Capacity building is also a key to moving forward, (D.clayton et al, 2002). Conclusion The concept of sustainable development is not new for it brings together ideas from a long history of human development into one common framework. This is becoming an increasingly important guide and judge for many actors whether from government, industry, or civil society. There is little disagreement about the broad principles contained in the framework, although different groups and individuals accord different priorities to the various spheres economic, environmental, social, and governance depending on their interests and their level of understanding and implementation. These priorities will determine the paths of action for implementation of the principles. The differences do not detract from the high level vision of sustainable development, which allows for different iterative and ever improving approaches. For improvement this actions have to be enforced: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consistency with the sustainable development framework; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continuous and clearly defined objectives and incentives to change towards better practice; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SMART specific, monitorable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound approach; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enforcing higher levels of trust and cooperation; and, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Where possible, built on existing structures and institutions. In many ways the picture today is already more positive than it was some decades ago. There remains much to be done in improving the sectors contribution to all aspects of sustainable development. But the largest companies and their newest operations at least are now being held to higher standards. Indeed, the best mining operations are now in the sustainable development vanguard not merely ahead of what local regulations demand, but achieving higher social and environmental standards than many other industrial enterprises. Reference:  · Brundtland: World Commission on environment and Development (1987). (pp.43).  · Dalal-Cayton.D.B and Bass.S (2002). The Nature of Sustainable Development Strategies.(pp.66-77,115,261).  · George J. Coakley, 1999. The minerals industry of Ghana in the US Department of the interior, US Geological survey, minerals yearbook. Area Reports: International 1997, Africa and the Middle East. Volume III  · Gibberd J. T., (2005). Developing a Sustainable Development Approach for Buildings and Construction Processes Smart Sustainable Built Environments. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chapter 27. (pp 300-310).  · Maja Mitich : Sustainable Approach to A Reform of Coal Mining Industry in Serbia. University of Singidunum, Belgrade, Serbia. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/viewFile/4797/4461 (Accessed: 06/05/2010).  · Vol. 3, No. 1 Journal of Sustainable Development, http://www.ccsenet.org/jsd (Accessed: 07/05/2010).  · World Bank International Finance Corporation (2002) Treasure or trouble? Mining in developing countries. Draft.

Effect of the Moon on Planet Earth

Effect of the Moon on Planet Earth Josh Chaplin â€Å"The Earth would be a very different place without the moon. Discuss†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It’s true that without the moon, the earth would be a less romantic place. Mythical werewolves would never have been conceived, nor would we have a calendar based on the concept of the lunar phases. It has undoubtedly influenced human culture over millennia, but can the same be said for our neighbouring celestial satellite in geological terms? A seemingly insignificant lump of rock in comparison, it can be hard to comprehend that the moon has had such potentially significant impacts on shaping the earth as it appears today. But as it seems, a chain of events were set in motion from the instant the moon was formed which have not only left us here perplexed by it, but have left us here in the first place. The bulk of the moon’s responsibility for impacting upon the planet lies with its gravitation and proximity to the earth. Such a scenario allows for it to have a profound influence on the tides of our oceans, which in turn serves to slow the earth’s rotation and hurl the moon further away from us. The gravitational attraction of the moon is also the stabilising factor in a celestial battle between the large bodies of the solar system to throw the planet’s axial obliquity off-balance. The very fact that the moon is here in the first place tells of how fortunate the impact that formed it was, because were it not for that humble collision over 4.5 billion years ago, life on earth would be vastly different today at the very least (and conceivably even absent at worst). Its presence has also stimulated the application of mathematics and induced superstition in generations of humans, whilst providing total solar eclipses which are a universally rare, defining aspect of earth. The regular monthly cycle of the lunar phases has also been linked to mating sequences, hunting rituals and even the menstrual cycle, which 51% of the earth’s human population will experience for a large quantity of their lives. On top of all of this, the moon has defined the scenery of the night sky along with the stars and reflected the sun’s light to dampen its pitch black darkness since time immemorial, achieving omnipresence in a multitude of modern media. â€Å"The earth would be a very different place without the moon†. It only seems prudent to commence with the earliest chronological appearance of the moon. The most widely accepted modern theory for its formation is centred around a hypothetical protoplanet by the name of Theia. It is proposed to have been around the size of Mars, and about 10% of the mass of the earth. [1] Isotope analysis of lunar rocks bought back from the Apollo mission tells us that Theia is hypothesised to have collided with the earth at 4.527  ± 0.010 billion years before present. [1] Earth as it was back then would have been wholly transformed by this impact, altering its composition and ultimately allowing it to become the planet it is today. This collision would have also produced a considerable amount of debris, which would have subsequently accreted to form the moon. [2] This is the only feasible model which explains why the moon finds itself in orbit with the earth; physics- based computerised reconstructions show that it would not have been possible to capture a pas sing-by moon with the gravitational field of the earth, nor would it have been possible to originate from ejection of material from the molten earth due to fission by centrifugal force. [3] Assuming that this hypothesis is correct, it is obvious that earth has been extensively altered because of the moon. For one, upon impact, material from the dense iron core of Theia would likely have sunk towards the core of earth due to gravity, whilst mantle material would likely have been accreted onto the surface of the early earth. [2] This is the reason for the characteristic inner layers of the earth today. The moon would have then formed from excess material from the impact coalescing in the surrounding vicinities of the early earth. Thus, the formation of the moon both added and took away material from the early earth, heavily influencing its very composition from as early as 4.537 Ga. [1], [2] Having considered that this moon-forming impact would have been a major source of much of the terrestrial iron found on earth today, the size of our iron-nickel core would have been directly affected by it. The earth’s mantle chemically differentiated in an event called the iron catastrophe, throughout the first 500 million years of the planet’s formation. Extremely large quantities of iron succumbed to gravity and sunk to form the core. The innermost part of the earth was thus comprised of conductive elements, an iron-nickel alloy, which became able to generate electrical currents whilst rotating due to the coriolis effect in interaction with convection in the mantle [8] (which originated in the first place from heat escaping from the core). As a result, the roughly dipolar magnetosphere was conceived, giving rise to the radioactive Van Allen Belts by trapping charged protons and electrons in concentric bands surrounding the planet. [8] Figure 1 above is a scaled repre sentation of the invisible magnetosphere and Van Allen belts surrounding the earth. Only discovered in 1958, the infamously ‘deadly’ belts have been unvoiced yet fundamental in the development of life on our planet. This is due to the particles’ ability to prevent horrific ionising radiation to reach the surface of the earth and effectively fry anything which ever endeavoured to exist on the surface. The magnetosphere itself would also have prevented any charged particles of solar wind from reaching the earth’s surface and causing similar damage. Amongst other variables, the strength of the earth’s magnetic field would be directly proportional to the size of the core according to dynamo theory, [8] and therefore we have the moon-forming impact to thank for a hospitable and agreeable planet. It’s therefore fair to say that without the moon coming into fruition, the earth may never have done either. There are more obvious ongoing effects of the moon on the earth today though, than there were back in the Hadean. It is fairly common knowledge that the moon has influence on the tides of our seas and oceans. Along with the sun, it produces the twice-daily rise and fall of the seas that boggled coastal dwellers for millennia prior to Newton’s formulation of the universal law of gravitation in 1687. Naturally, the gravitational attraction between two separate entities is inversely proportional to the distance between them. [4] Thus, whilst the sun may be roughly 400 times as large as the moon, it is (coincidentally) around 400 times further away than it, and so exerts less influence over the tides. [4] The area of the earth closest to the moon at any given point will see a protuberance of its oceans, as the water is attracted to the moon’s gravitational field. [4] Simultaneously on the opposite side of the earth furthest from the moon, the crust itself succumbs to the lunar gravitation and is, in effect, marginally subsided, producing an additional oceanic bulge. [4] Figure 2 (right ) illustrates and annotates this gravitational phenomenon, by ever-so-slightly exaggerating the potential bulge of the tides! However, depending on the topography of shoreline localities and nature of continental slopes around the globe, the fluctuation can vary wildly between low and high tides. [4] In extreme cases, this can affect the livelihoods of littoral inhabitants by dictating fishing schedules or putting their homes in danger, showing how the moon really is a foremost influence on making the earth the place it is. One such scenario is the extraordinary tidal range at the Bay of Funday in Eastern Canada, which can surpass 12 metres. [4] Circumstances like this can occur upon the arrival of ‘spring’ tides (from the German verb springen, ‘to leap’, not from the name of the season) whereby the sun and moon align, causing maximum attraction in their direction and thus amplifying the height of the tides. [4] Alas, the moon is a dictatorial authority on the tides of our oceans, and presumably has been since the oceans formed around 3.8 billion years ago. Swishing and swashing the oceans for eons of geological time has not passed by without its consequences however. The moon’s gravity has created the tides on the one hand, whilst the rotation of the earth has slightly offset the location of them on the other; the actual location of the peaked tidal bulge is slightly ahead of where it would logically be, at the closest point on the earth’s surface to the moon. [7] As a result, a surprisingly large amount of mass (the tidal protuberance of the oceans) is offset slightly from the closest locality on earth to the moon at that point in time, meaning that a certain quantity of the gravitational pull is no longer directly between the earth and moon, but at a 90 ° angle to it. [7] Thus, torque is effectively created between the two planetary bodies, [7] and is often called ‘tidal friction,’ ‘tidal acceleration’ or ‘tidal braking’. This means that the presence of the moon causes our charac teristic 24 hour days to lengthen by around 2.3 milliseconds every century. [7] Taking Newton’s third law of equal and opposite reactions into account, the earth is also pushing the moon away by 3.82 ±0.007 cm per year as a result of this ‘torque’. [7] Would all of this really mean though that without the moon, the earth would be a very different place? Extrapolating back in time to 4 billion years ago tells us that the moon was some 15,000 km closer. Tidal forces would have been gargantuan, with hypothesised constant tsunami waves ravishing the planet. Perhaps, this would not only have served to shape the landscape by causing erosion, but it would have also dictated when proportions of the land surface would have been settled enough for life to flourish. In addition, the day would have been much shorter, with the year being around 400 days long due to the faster rotation of the earth. Looking ahead to the future, the earth may very well slow until it reaches t he same rotational speed as the moon, and then the exact same visage of the moon will always face the earth as in the Pluto-Charon arrangement on the outskirts of our solar system. [7] This demonstrates how that over short periods of time, the consequences of the moon’s presence on the earth are subtle, nigh negligible, but are not to be taken lightly in the (very) long run. Moving on from the tides of the planet, there is another reason in addition to the earlier-discussed Van Allen belts that the moon may well be the reason that life exists on earth as it does today. The axial tilt of the earth (also referred to as obliquity, a Milankovich cycle) is currently measured at 23.4 ° (and decreasing) between the earth’s rotational axis and the perpendicular to its orbital plane. [5] Whilst all sizeable bodies in our solar system (such as the sun and the gas giants) have an effect on this angle of tilt, the much closer proximity of the moon means that it is the most regulatory factor in this cosmic gravitational tug-of-war. [5] Figure 3 (left) shows the range between the earth’s minimum and maximum axial tilt values, for which we have the moon to thank for keeping the planet within those parameters. Without such a valuable sidekick, the tilt of a planetary body could incline wildly. In fact, there is evidence that Mars has tilted by up to 60 ° in the past, [5] presumably no thanks to the inferior gravitation of Phobos and Deimos in comparison to our moon. In a more horrific circumstance, computer models have liberated the earth of the moon’s gravitational effects and shown that it could tip by as much as 85 °, essentially interchanging the locations of the equator and the poles! [5] The would-be climatic consequences of such an event are naturally rather sketchy, but it is safe to presume that life on land would have been hard-pushed to adapt and may very well have been diminished. [5] Extrapolating from this, perhaps life on earth would be completely different, with organisms such as thermophiles at oceanic ridges, migratory birds and aquatic beings flourishing in the absence of land-dwelling mammals. It’s hard to imagine that the moon has the potential to command the diversity of the species in existence on the planet, and that it has been maintaining our climate and giving us our seasons, all due to the fact that it is steadying our axial tilt. This is the reason why the moon is such a prominent part of the ‘Rare Earth’ hypothesis, which explains how there are many different astrological criteria which must come together in order for a planet to prospectively bear life; [6] in other words, we owe our existence to the moon. Regardless of our location in the galactic habitable zone, our rocky terrain (not gaseous) and the fortune to have evolved beyond microbial life, the arrival of the moon was the ultimate (and perhaps the flukiest) stroke of luck to have ever graced the planet from a human perspective. [6] In conclusion, it’s obvious to draw from these analyses that the earth simply wouldn’t be the same without the moon, not only from a geological perspective, but from every perspective conceivable when its role in putting us here in the first place is considered. The moon is receding from our planet, and only time will tell if earth will succumb to life without it. References [1] Wieczorek, M. et al. (2006)The constitution and structure of the lunar interior Pages 322-323 [2] Canup, R.M. (2004) Simulations of a late lunar-forming impactIcarus Issue 168, Pages 433–436, 453-456 [3] Stroud, R. (2009)â€Å"The Book of the Moon† Pages24–31 [4] Grotzinger, J. Jordan, T. (2010) â€Å"Understanding Earth† Sixth Edition, Pages 540-541 [5] Dartnell, L. (2007) â€Å"Life in the Universe, a Beginners Guide† Pages 69-70 [6] Ward, P.D. Brownlee, D. (2000) â€Å"Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe† Pages 191, 194 200 [7] Chao, B.F. Ray, R.D. (1998) â€Å"Oceanic tidal angular momentum and Earths rotation variations† Page 403 [8] Glatzmaier, G.A. Roberts, P. H. (1995) A three-dimensional self-consistent computer simulation of a geomagnetic field reversalNature Issue377Pages 203–209 Image References Figure 1 – http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/gallery/Magnetosphere.html Figure 2 – http://science.howstuffworks.com/moon4.htm Figure 3 – http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/milankovitch_2.php 1

Pornographys Effects on Relationships Essay -- Porn Porno Dating Marr

Pornography's Effects on Relationships When it comes to relationships there are many things that need to be present in order for it to work out. You must have support from both sides and honesty is also a big factor. When pornography enters a relationship it can be destroyed and could possible ruin that relationship forever. This essay will be able to inform you of all the ways that pornography can and does ruin relationships. Support for this argument will be drawn from the following sources: Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, Love, Sex, and Health, and The Question of Pornography. First of all trust is one of the biggest factors when it comes to being in a relationship. It there is no trust it could all easily fall apart. This is why so many women loose their husbands trust when they first discover that they have been cheating on them with pornography magazines, books, and more often internet sites. Pamela Paul states that â€Å"most men do not admit to engaging in pornography but try to hide it from their spouse in order to keep it a secret. When their spouses end up finding out about it, all trust has been lost in the relationship and this is when it usually ends† (100). Most women become devastated when they find out that their husbands have a â€Å"second life†. They really feel that they have been cheated on and have lost that special connection between their significant other and them. When women find out about this it usually leads to short term separation which in the end leads to divorce and their relationship simply becomes another statistics of how many relationships pornography has ruined. Most relationships rely on trust and when that trust bond is broken it is very hard to get it back. Along with trust comes honesty and if some women believe that their husbands may be using pornography they may confront them and ask. Pamela Paul says â€Å"a typical males response is ‘of course not’. Then they go on to say ‘I can’t believe that you don’t trust me’ when men say this is makes their wives really think about what they just asked and so they end up believing them† (99). It is sad to think that some women can be easily controlled like the above situation but also most women like to hope for the best so they just decide that their husband is telling the truth. The men on the other hand continue to go on, as life is normal and still engage in porno... ...tually enhances relationships have several strong claims, it is still evident that pornography is, overall, damaging to relationships. There is more evidence to support the argument than the counterargument. Most of the argument sources are recent journals that have all updated statistics and information while the counterargument sources are mostly books and at least a few years old. In conclusion, it has been shown that pornography does indeed ruin relationships and is shown by the argument, which is much stronger, then the counterargument. There may be some good benefits to using pornography but more often than not it always seems to ruin more relationships. Pornography may be every where and available to almost everyone and it may never go away and relationships will continue to be ruined. In the future people should learn to accept life the way it should be without all of the superficial parts of it. In the end it will be able to help them, to have a much healthier relationships that last much longer. The government should make a law to ban all types of pornography in order to try and save more relationships. As a result of this the divorce when then be lowered.

Tibetan Education Essay -- Educational Education Tibet Essays

Tibetan Education Since 1951, education in Tibet has changed dramatically through the Chinese government’s hyper-political agenda. Depending on the source, some view the changes as great improvement to the educational system, and others are gravely concerned. The positive view is that of the Chinese policy-makers and the fear comes from Tibetans who see that their culture is being drained from the classroom. The central Chinese government wants to completely assimilate the Tibetans by removing their true history and religion from lessons and selectively choosing the physical representations of culture that serve to decorate schools for Tibetan students in inner-China. I am going to explore the different schooling experiences for the Tibetans and show how the education options for Tibetans are depriving them of their culture, resulting in poor performances in school and a dishonest, manipulated education. Education in Tibet before the Chinese invasion was quite different from how it is presently. According to a journal out of China, only two percent of school-aged children were in school, and ninety-five percent of the general population was illiterate before â€Å"Liberation.1† The overpowering Chinese government determined that they must be freed â€Å"from Western imperialists.2† Eight years later, in 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India, unsuccessfully trying to win back Tibet’s independence. Education for the Tibetans has traditionally taken place in the monasteries. However, of the greater than 2,500 monasteries that once existed in Tibet, all but three percent of them were destroyed by the Chinese government.3 These monasteries served the multiple purposes of university equivalents, religious centers, an... ...emise of Multiculturalism?† 1998 World Congress of Sociology. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 26 July- 1 August 1998. 62. Stites, Regie. â€Å"Writing Cultural Boundaries: Minority Language Policy, Literacy Planning and Bilingual Education in China.† In Gerard Postiglione (ed.) China’s National Minority Education, Ethnicity, Schooling, and Development. New York: Garland Press, 1998. 63. Kormandy, Edward J. â€Å"Minority Education in Inner Mongolia and Tibet.† International Review of Education (2002) 377-401. 64. Postiglione, Gerard A. â€Å"State Schooling and Ethnicity in China: The Rise or Demise of Multiculturalism?† 1998 World Congress of Sociology. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 26 July- 1 August 1998. 65. http://www.tibet.com/Humanrights/EduToday/testimon.html 66. Phuntsog Sipur, Nawang. â€Å"Renewal of Tibetan School Education.† Tibetan Review 28 (Aug 1993) 15-17. Tibetan Education Essay -- Educational Education Tibet Essays Tibetan Education Since 1951, education in Tibet has changed dramatically through the Chinese government’s hyper-political agenda. Depending on the source, some view the changes as great improvement to the educational system, and others are gravely concerned. The positive view is that of the Chinese policy-makers and the fear comes from Tibetans who see that their culture is being drained from the classroom. The central Chinese government wants to completely assimilate the Tibetans by removing their true history and religion from lessons and selectively choosing the physical representations of culture that serve to decorate schools for Tibetan students in inner-China. I am going to explore the different schooling experiences for the Tibetans and show how the education options for Tibetans are depriving them of their culture, resulting in poor performances in school and a dishonest, manipulated education. Education in Tibet before the Chinese invasion was quite different from how it is presently. According to a journal out of China, only two percent of school-aged children were in school, and ninety-five percent of the general population was illiterate before â€Å"Liberation.1† The overpowering Chinese government determined that they must be freed â€Å"from Western imperialists.2† Eight years later, in 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India, unsuccessfully trying to win back Tibet’s independence. Education for the Tibetans has traditionally taken place in the monasteries. However, of the greater than 2,500 monasteries that once existed in Tibet, all but three percent of them were destroyed by the Chinese government.3 These monasteries served the multiple purposes of university equivalents, religious centers, an... ...emise of Multiculturalism?† 1998 World Congress of Sociology. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 26 July- 1 August 1998. 62. Stites, Regie. â€Å"Writing Cultural Boundaries: Minority Language Policy, Literacy Planning and Bilingual Education in China.† In Gerard Postiglione (ed.) China’s National Minority Education, Ethnicity, Schooling, and Development. New York: Garland Press, 1998. 63. Kormandy, Edward J. â€Å"Minority Education in Inner Mongolia and Tibet.† International Review of Education (2002) 377-401. 64. Postiglione, Gerard A. â€Å"State Schooling and Ethnicity in China: The Rise or Demise of Multiculturalism?† 1998 World Congress of Sociology. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 26 July- 1 August 1998. 65. http://www.tibet.com/Humanrights/EduToday/testimon.html 66. Phuntsog Sipur, Nawang. â€Å"Renewal of Tibetan School Education.† Tibetan Review 28 (Aug 1993) 15-17.

Monty Python and the Holy Grail Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Monty Python and the Holy Grail† is a satiric comedy about the quest of King Arthur. The movie starts out with Arthur, King of the Britons, looking for knights to sit with him at Camelot. He finds many knights including Sir Galahad the pure, Sir Lancelot the brave, the quiet Sir Bedevere, and Sir Robin the Not-Quite-So-Brave-as-Sir Lancelot. Through satire and parody of certain events in history (witch trials, the black plague) they find Camelot, but after literally a quick song and dance they decide that they do not want to go there. While walking away, God (who seems to be grumpy) come to them from a cloud and tells them to find the Holy Grail. They agree and begin their search. While they search for the Grail, scenes of the knight's tales appear and the reasons behind their names. Throughout their search, they meet interesting people and knights along the way. Most of the characters die; some through a killer rabbit (which they defeat with the hol y hand grenade), others from not answering a question right from the bridge of Death, or die some other ridiculous way. In the end, King Arthur and Sir Bedevere are left and find the Castle Arrrghhh where the Holy Grail is. They are met by some French soldiers who taunted them earlier in the film and were not able to get into the castle. The movie ends with both King Arthur and Sir Bedevere being arrested for killing a real-life man who was a historian. In the movie, the three main types of comedy I recognized were farce, parody, and satire. Farce is comedy designed to provoke the audience into simple, hearty laughter and often uses highly exaggerated or caricatured character types and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations. It also makes use of broad verbal humor and physical horseplay. Some examples of farce in the movie are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the movie, you hear the sound of music and horses. However, it turns out that it was not horses at all; it was the sound of King Arthur’s squire pounding two coconut halves together to make the sound of horses galloping. They then go on to confront two soldiers at the castle gates o invite their lord to be apart of the round table .they approach a castle and are quickly confronted by soldiers on top of the castle walls. The soldiers go on to question about their mode of transportation. King Arthu... ...arody is the imitation if a work of literature, art, or music for amusement or instruction. Parody usually uses exaggeration or inappropriate subject matter to make a serious style seem ridiculous. Some examples parodies in the movie are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The comedic affect of the scene where Arthur and his men are kept away from the castle by farm animal warfare is a parody to when King Uther Pendragon attacked the Duke of Cornwall’s castle and was kept off with fire, soldiers and other one would expect in combat. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was a scene where King Arthur and his knights hid inside of a wooden rabbit to invade the castle. This was a parody of the wooden Trojan horse used to invade the Greeks in the Illiad.The comedic affect was delivered when the king and his men got out of the horse before they even got into the castle. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were also scenes ever so often a historian would pop up and give you a brief narrative about what was going on in the movie. This was a parody of all the historians that covered the story of Arthur. The comedic affect was delivered when Arthur killed the historian at the end of the movie.

Positive Case for Compatibilism and the Free Will Problem

The concept of free will has been a point of contention for philosophers for several decades. One of the reasons for these diverging viewpoints is the debate on how exactly to define the word free. It would be misleading to attribute any one exclusive idea to the concept.However it is agreed neutrally that it is an exercise of an individual’s behavior in order for him to take moral responsibility for his actions. A person who takes on his moral responsibility is one who can chose to make decisions that are morally right or wrong. Thus, the blame or reward for the outcome of the decision falls squarely on his shoulders. It is understood that free will is an essential component of these decisions.Conceptually it can be understood how the pre-determined nature of the universe can casually affect our decisions to such a point where free will is no longer applicable. However the theory of compatibilism states that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive. That they can exist together without conflict, that an individual can exercise free will when faced with pre-determined factors. This topic will analyze, synthesize and evaluate arguments related to the problems associated with the concept of free will and how compatibilism offers a solution to these problems (McKenna, 2004).In order to understand how compatibilism acts as a solution to the free will problem it is first important to understand that there are several concepts used attributed to free will. When these concepts are conjoined to others they invariably create several contradictions. In order to avoid these problems it is important to consider the classic formulation of free will which informs us of then several key factors associated with it. The first is that the individual has a choice to act in more than one way in a situation.However any action taken by an individual qualifies as an event with various causes that effect the individual’s decision. Thus, the cause is casually determined and the individual cannot act in any way other than what is pre-determined by these factors. It should be noted that the existence of free will is tantamount upon the fact that the individual has no extraneous source compelling him to act. Rather all his decisions making is contingent upon his own compulsion to follow his decisions in the face of alternate possibilities. It is only in such a case that freedom to assume moral responsibility exists (McKenna, 2004).John Martin Fincher is a philosopher who is responsible for refining the viewpoint that suggested that decisions which constitute the free will of an individual can be affected by a number of reasons. This proves why certain people can have different reactions to the same situation and rules out those individuals who have compulsive or neurotic behavior.The refined viewpoint by Martin Fincher is known as the reasons-responsiveness theory which states that even though there are considerations which may affect the d ecisions of an individual. The decision made it can still be considered to be an individual free will since the choice made is rationally based according to the factors affecting the individual (McKenna, 2004).Another concept attributed to Compatibilism is P.F Strawson’s concept of moral responsibility. This is similar to Hume’s concept and says that the practice of holding an individual morally responsible for his or her own actions is formed on the basis of both emotional and societal structures. He said that the existence of these critical responses is part of human nature defined by our basic emotional natures and cannot be abandoned, thus the fact that determinism affects our moral responsibility does not hold ground.However in certain cases an individual can choose to give up their moral judgments in favor of rationalizing the individuals actions can exist as well but only in the cases where the actions gains favors or losses to human life (Kane, 2002 p. 516-521) .There are of course objections to the theories of compatibilism. One of the principle arguments for incompatibilism comes from Carl Ginet. The argument given by him states that the power of an individual to affect change does not extend to factors such as those of nature that are by their very nature unchangeable.And if a certain fact affects a person directly and the consequences of that fact exist than the person will be affected by the consequences of that fact as well. Thus in the face of these facts determinism becomes true and since no one can change the facts that cause the situation, no one can affect the future (McKenna, 2004).

Conspicuous Consumption and Veblen

How further hardly round is Thorstein Veblens theory, that the main function of dress is the break of richesiness, hushed valid? Thorstein Veblen was a sociologist and economist who came up with the destination egregious expenditure. He was the author of the book The Theory of the untenanted Class published in 1899 which m starth roughly the change by replace manpowerting clear up in the States. During that succession the working menage was visibly aspiring to the void branch. The Leisure class was k straightn to be the emerging persuasion class of that epoch, as they would invite and always engage in a worldly concern display of their attitude.The adjacent essay is passing to explore Veblens theory in relation to the display of wealth by dress. I aim to try the relevancy of Veblens concept today whilst victorious into mind the changes in class, usage and consumerism. Veblen provided a hardly a(prenominal) main ideologies in which he examines the nonion of dress as an way of fiscal culture Veblen (199415) He utter that the idea of manifest waste quizn the we atomic number 18r had the freedom to bargain for well-nigh(prenominal)thing they desired without so real overmuch as any economical obstacles. Currently, ready elan feeds the desire to fierceuce need, and change state ar replaced in the first place they atomic number 18 worn out.The seasonality of todays devise is the epitome of conspicuous waste as stark naked trims come out either season which encourages one to neglect out items that pay gone out of personal manner. Trends are changing faster than ever before ( anatomy 1). (Tesseras 2010) states textile waste at council tips now accounts for 30 per centime, compared to just s crimson per cent five years ago. The thrill of honoring each seasons rails institutes, to the pressure of joining in and hounding the trends, (Fig 2) fast fashion promotes mass intersection and waste.Fig 1 Fig 2 A nonher principle of Veblens, is that of conspicuous empty which he defined as a non- reproductive use of time. Examples of conspicuous leisure intromit taking long unnecessary vacations to strange places which are fully motivated by a multifariousnessly concomitantor (Fig 3). epoch is consumed non-productively (1) from a sense of un outlayiness of productive work, and (2) as an evidence f pecuniary ability to afford a spiritedness of groundless(prenominal)ness (Veblen 1934 43) These are time-consuming activities that c tout ensemble forth an indifference to much(prenominal) mundane concerns as working for a living. (Fig 4) The leisure rendered by the wife in much(prenominal) cases is, of course, not a simple manifestation of idleness or indolence. It almost invariably occurs mask under some contour line of work or household duties or favorable amenities, which stand up on analysis to wait on little or no subterraneous end beyond portraying that she does not and need not occupy herself with anything that is gainful or that is of substantial use. (Veblen 1934 69) convention 3 Figure 4 perceptible use of goods and services of valu qualified goods is a means of re hurtleability No class of society, not even the most abjectly poor, forgoes each commonplace conspicuous employment. Veblen (1994 Chapter 4) In Veblens time during the late 19th century (Fig 5) and early on 1900s (Fig 6) womans tolerate was made to seem as far apart from any work-wear as possible. Corsets, voiced fabrics and t precisely heels all were worn to prove that they are entirely restricted from any laborious work and would consecrate manual of arms work truly(prenominal) difficult.Affluent women crippled themselves in order to put on a convincing display of idleness, and as he put it made them for good and obviously unfit for work. Veblen (1994 Chapter 7) The tight corsets and deluxe fabrics proved that they could afford to wear unwieldy cloth ing which was expensive to clean all for the sole purpose to acquire a indisputable level of military position amongst the public. These consumers could easily fall into the Nouveau Riche category which was an emerging class in the 19th century.Style would then play a key parting in separating the wearer from the working class. In increase to telling the wearer bottom afford to consume freely and uneconomically it rear excessively be sh bear, in the analogous stroke, that he or she, is not under the necessity or earning of a livelihood, the evidence of social worth is enhanced to a considerable degree. Our dress, on that pointfore, should not only be expensive, but it should similarly make plain to all observers that the wearer is not engaged in any kind of productive wear (Veblen 1994105)Fig 5 Fig 6 Veblens most well- cognize principle related to his line conspicuous outgo which describes the unnecessary purchase of services and goods which are bought for the sole sharpen of displaying and conjure upising wealth. This is done in the attack to maintain or attain a certain level of social status. much(prenominal) goods are now collectively completen as Veblen goods which is a group of commodities. The fact that these goods are placed at such high prices is the very thing that makes them prepossessing to conspicuous consumers.Conspicuous consumption was certainly not limited to the western countries, in China, for eccentric, girls in affluent families would demand their feet at sea and tightly bound so that they grew to reserve tiny lotus feet. These were approximation to be very fashionable since the women who had them were unable to tolerate without the help of servants. This was a sign of wealth taken to the extreme (fig 7 Figure 7 Mass advertising was kick-started by the Ameri batchs when Paris could no longer be relied on for the la political campaign fashions due to cast away in exports in the early 1950s.The Americans capital ised on this ban and created a new form of American Fashion. It was now the Americans turn to show the world whats what. American images swamped the media. By the 1950s the media had However, Elvis Presley, James dean and Marlon Brando (Fig 8) now were coming onto the scene and headed the iconic all-American rebellious assist this decade brought close to. Subcultures started to form, rebels and gangs take denim as a means of revolt against the want to fit the draw the media portrayed. The Teddy Boys is a perfect example of such a subculture.The Teddy boys were by and boastful(p) working class men who wore array that had resemblances to that of the Edwardian era and would dress up for the evening. This look was strongly associated with American thrill and Roll and this look made it ok for people to start railroad caring again for what they looked like since World War II in Britain. The look compromised of dark sunglasses of drape jackets, waistcoats, high-waisted tight- adaptation trousers exposing the wearers socks and velvet-textured gloms. In direct contrast to this, the fastness and strike offer class wbange collar workers, were choosing to dress own during their leisure time, plaster bandage off the constraints of the suit they had worn to all week, resulting in a complete reversal of Veblens conspicuous leisure theory, where the working classes are to a fault rejecting the notion that just because they are involved in productive labour it does not mean they cannot dress socially above their class status. Figure 8 During the 1970s the Hippy movement began and as the hippies were mostly from wealthy backgrounds and middle to upper class families this was clearly even so another rebellion against Veblens theory.The 1980s was the decade of money loving and is frequently referred to as an excessive time of conspicuous consumption. The mentality in the 80s was all about big money and drop deading (Fig 9). The economy had boomed, greed was good, women entered the council chamber with full force and it was all about power dressing. The yuppies were born due to conspicuous consumption and shop malls began to sprout up everywhere. Figure 9 Today, there are still many examples of conspicuous consumption and the studies on general mod consumption are so intricate, that almost all walks of life are bumed with todays mass media.Adverts and billboards are everywhere carnal knowledge the public whats cool and whats not. Brands like Louis Vuitton, Chanel and Moet Chandon sell a lifestyle. Moet Chandon (Fig 10) advert states Be Fabulous and shows two bonny well-dressed women climbing out of an expensive car with a bottle of champagne in one womans hand. An advertizement like this is basically trying to show the public what status could be achieved by purchasing a bottle of Moet Chandon.The term Keeping up with the Joneses comes to mind, as studies show that many consumers purchase goods just to show off and maintain a ce rtain status amongst their friends. Figure 10 Veblen goods arent just restricted to clothes as the purchase of certain clip publishers, purely for the status they offer. Being get togethern reading a magazine like Robb Report or Conde Nasts traveller may give the fantasy that one can afford what is feature in the magazine. Veblen also spoke about the way dress can prove many things.The wearer can give an vox populi that they can spend without much thought on the price. Veblen goods are still very much around, such as decorator handbags, expensive wines and thousand-dollar watches. The luxury watch is an final example of a Veblen good as the consumer really buys into the allure of a high status. Companies like Rolex, TAG Heur and Omega use up all used celebrities such as Roger Federer, Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Craig in his bond suit. flat though its purpose is very working and can help with everyday last devising.These watches are aimed a business men with a high sa lary who light upon or would like to identify with the sports stars and actors wearying these watches at the back of TIME magazine and the like. A Louis Vuitton bag for example just wouldnt be viewed the same without the high price tag. Todays fast fashion and mass turnout also encourages conspicuous consumption. However mass work has changed the outlook on mans life and has created a singular image of existence which can be viewed as almost humiliating and that the products are what drives man.The trends we see from creators on catwalks are translated as rapidly as possible into high pathway stores. It is not surprising that with the emphasis on keeping up with the latest trends which ties into fitting in with society consumption of clothes has reached an all-time high. The quality of clothes however, is less of a feature than the over-all look of the item. In the tight-laced times, garments had to be made of the outflank lace, but with todays technology, garments can be made to look to a greater extent expensive than they really are.Keeping up-to trend with accessories such and bags and shoes is still very expensive to do. Designers put their signature touches on shoes and bags which make them more lust after. Christian Louboutins shoes pay the signature red sole, Louis Vuitton may feature an LV and a Mulberry bag could carry their trace tree on the logo (Fig 10). To be seen with any of these items offers a instantaneous status that comes with it. The recession did not bring about any less ostentatious designer bags from luxury fashion houses during the recession.Joseph Nunes, a marketing professor at the University of Southern atomic number 20 Marshall School of Business tardily stated in theJournal of Consumer psychological science (2011) A good chunk of America loves using products to signal their status. If the recession didnt hit them, their need for status outweighed their need to follow social norms. Figure 11 near high fashion haute couture designers have so far to cater for a poorer crowd, and still target people with a high income. The reliable obsession with what celebrities are wearing can also dictate what a large group of the public get hold of to wear.This is where Veblens theory is still very much in place. Victoria Beckham, Alexa Chung (Fig 12) and Kate Moss (Fig 13) are all very much followed by what they wear. By buying into the current celebrity madness where universe seen with a Birkin bag can greatly increase ones chances of a higher social status, one is also buying into conspicuous consumption. Magazines devote much of their features to Whos wearing what. Most celebrities still choose to wear designer labels, thus making the public lust after these single(a) items, and save up for them just to be part of the craze. This feeds into the label-hungry shopper where Burberrys checked approach pattern and Guccis brown, red and green barroom offers a satisfaction worth shopping for. Fig 12 F ig 13 Charity shopping has baffleed a new outlook on inconspicuous consumption and the consumer no longer needs to spend a lot of money to look fashionable and be part of the in crowd. Five years ago the thought of purchasing second hand goods would be flinched at. Fashionably vintage items can be found and are lusted after in charity shops. instantly you dont have to spend money to look good which Veblen surely did not foresee. in time the media has gotten involved and magazines feature articles on how to be a smart charity-shopper, how to recycle your own clothing and the art of buying unstained pieces which will last forever. A few notable factors have changed since Veblens time which presents a new outlook on conspicuous consumption. In the late 1800s when spirit at the display of wealth by means of clothes, one would look at the wearers fabric quality to project their status. Good handmade lace and graceful tailoring was a status of wealth. Now hints that determine weal th have generate less subtle with the ntroduction of labels that indicate the garments worth. logotypes like Ralph Laurens man playing polo on a horse (Fig 14) , Lactoses crocodile, Burberrys knight on a horse and Hermes horse drawn carriage. many another(prenominal) of these logos feature a horse, and this might be because of their age and may hint to a previous era or because of the fact that the ownership of a horse is a luxury in itself and is very expensive to maintain. There is much thought that goes into labels and there is always a message and reason behind them. Nikes logo for example features a tick which means it is correct. Subliminal messages such as these, feature everywhere today and theres no doubt that Veblen would have never anticipated this. This antagonism offers an bill that the restless change in fashion which neither the canon of expensiveness nor that of beauty completely can account for. (Veblen 1994108) Figure 14 Veblens theory in the modern day can b e seen as somewhat of a sweeping assertion and is not entirely applicable to the present day. Veblen relied on the concept that only if you were of the nouveau class would you take part in looking fashionable, thus ignoring the middle class completely.The internet, idiot box and magazines (Fig 15) have brought fashion to a importantly larger audience where not only rich people partake in frivolous buying. Figure 15 I believe Veblens theory is still applicable today in some instances. However, with the introduction of mass production and the changing attitudes in class as that of which I have mentioned. Wealth is still very much shown through with(predicate) dress, from the use of news and labels which hint on how much the wearer has dog-tired on their clothes.However today with so many fake products and good imitations of these well-known(a) labels it may be impossible to know how much the individual spent on their garment. One thing remains the same however, the item was bought for the primary purpose of being seen and acknowledged by others, fake or not. Designers pay celebrities to endorse their products or be seen wearing them which indicates that Veblens theory has stood the test of time, it is still very much the peck of the wealthy that has an impact on fashion and dictates what sells and what doesnt.Veblen wrote that the lower classes would imitate the dress of the leisure class which as shown, is still applicable to today. Mass consumption and mass production are amongst the features that have changed since Veblens time. end-to-end the decades since Veblens time there has not been as much of an emphasis on individuality and self conduction through clothes as there is now, and this is where Veblens theory slightly loses its relevance. The movement to express oneself without considering wealth as much in a liberal society. Other factors have started to replace the display of wealth such as, religion, age, music taste and gender.This is obvious be cause of the large amount of subcultures found today. I have shown how Veblens ideologies have lost and change magnitude in relevance through the decades. Veblen was able to show how consumption can also be a symbol of social structure and that conspicuous consumption is relative and not functional and is a sure display of affluence and status through the consumption of these garments. Bibliography Info Books * Malcolm Barnard (1996). Fashion as Communication. First ed. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge Publishers. (p59-64) * Thorstein Veblen (2005). Conspicuous expending. London Penguin Books. p. 42-62) * Tim Delany & Tim Madigan (2009). The Sociology of Sports. North Carolina McFarland & Company Inc. Websites * Tricia Ellis-Christensen. (2010). What is conspicuous consumption? . unattached http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-conspicuous-consumption. htm. hold water accessed 6th Dec 2010. * Dr. Paurav Shukla. (2010). middle-aged consumers & luxury consumption. uncommitted http//www. evancarmichael. com/Management/1066/Middleaged-consumersluxury-consumption. html. detain accessed 5th establish 2011 * Ben Steverman. (2011). Conspicuous outlay Is Back. available http//www. businessweek. om/investor/content/jan2011/pi20110127_382340. htm. Last accessed seventh promenade 2011 * Lexic. (2011). Literary usage of Conspicuous consumption. Available http//www. lexic. us/definition-of/conspicuous_consumption. Last accessed 9th March 2011. 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